Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions

Autores
Joris, Giovanna Lujan; Musso, Federico O.; Conti, Gabriela; Gomez, Claudio Andres; Reyes, Carina Andrea
Año de publicación
2026
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, but its yield is threatened by pathogens, including viroids. Citrus species host several viroids, such as citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and specific variants of hop stunt viroid (HSVd), which cause exocortis and cachexia, respectively. Despite previous studies, knowledge regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of citrus viroids in Argentina remains scarce. In this study, Citrus sinensis samples were collected from three subregions of the northeastern Argentine citrus belt. Symptomatic field material was inoculated into Etrog citron (Citrus medica) for symptom evaluation, viroid identification and accumulation analysis. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of CEVd, HSVd and citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) occurring in single or mixed infections: 15% with CEVd alone, 50% with HSVd and CDVd and 35% with triple infections. Selected isolates from different subregions were inoculated into different hosts (tomato [Solanum lycopersicon], Etrog citron and cucumber [Cucumis sativus]) to investigate sequence determinants associated with pathogenicity. Local isolates showed distinct features: CEVd grouped into severe (A) and mild (B) categories, with group A accumulating to higher levels, carrying polymorphisms in the P and V domains and inducing tomato stunting. HSVd isolates corresponded to non-cachexia variants but induced growth delay in cucumber plants and CDVd clustered with CVd-IIIa and CVd-IIIb groups. In silico analysis revealed abundant P-domain-derived vd-siRNAs, with predicted host gene targets associated with symptom expression. This work represents the first comprehensive molecular characterisation of citrus viroids in northeastern Argentina, uncovering their diversity, pathogenic traits and potential host–pathogen interactions.
EEA Concordia
Fil: Joris, Giovanna Lujan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; Argentina
Fil: Musso, Federico O. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Musso, Federico O. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Conti, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Conti, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Gomez, Claudio Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; Argentina
Fil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fuente
Plant Pathology 75 (1) : e70133. (January/February 2026)
Materia
Citrus
Viroids
Pospiviroidae
Host Pathogen Relations
Plant Diseases
Viroides
Relaciones Huésped Patógeno
Enfermedades de las Plantas
Argentina
Citricultura
Región Noreste, Argentina
Citriculture
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso restringido
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
oai:localhost:20.500.12123/25229
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oai_identifier_str oai:localhost:20.500.12123/25229
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network_name_str INTA Digital (INTA)
spelling Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host InteractionsJoris, Giovanna LujanMusso, Federico O.Conti, GabrielaGomez, Claudio AndresReyes, Carina AndreaCitrusViroidsPospiviroidaeHost Pathogen RelationsPlant DiseasesViroidesRelaciones Huésped PatógenoEnfermedades de las PlantasArgentinaCitriculturaRegión Noreste, ArgentinaCitricultureCitrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, but its yield is threatened by pathogens, including viroids. Citrus species host several viroids, such as citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and specific variants of hop stunt viroid (HSVd), which cause exocortis and cachexia, respectively. Despite previous studies, knowledge regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of citrus viroids in Argentina remains scarce. In this study, Citrus sinensis samples were collected from three subregions of the northeastern Argentine citrus belt. Symptomatic field material was inoculated into Etrog citron (Citrus medica) for symptom evaluation, viroid identification and accumulation analysis. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of CEVd, HSVd and citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) occurring in single or mixed infections: 15% with CEVd alone, 50% with HSVd and CDVd and 35% with triple infections. Selected isolates from different subregions were inoculated into different hosts (tomato [Solanum lycopersicon], Etrog citron and cucumber [Cucumis sativus]) to investigate sequence determinants associated with pathogenicity. Local isolates showed distinct features: CEVd grouped into severe (A) and mild (B) categories, with group A accumulating to higher levels, carrying polymorphisms in the P and V domains and inducing tomato stunting. HSVd isolates corresponded to non-cachexia variants but induced growth delay in cucumber plants and CDVd clustered with CVd-IIIa and CVd-IIIb groups. In silico analysis revealed abundant P-domain-derived vd-siRNAs, with predicted host gene targets associated with symptom expression. This work represents the first comprehensive molecular characterisation of citrus viroids in northeastern Argentina, uncovering their diversity, pathogenic traits and potential host–pathogen interactions.EEA ConcordiaFil: Joris, Giovanna Lujan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; ArgentinaFil: Musso, Federico O. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Musso, Federico O. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Conti, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Conti, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, Claudio Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; ArgentinaFil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaWiley2026-02-19T10:15:54Z2026-02-19T10:15:54Z2026-02info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25229https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.701330032-08621365-3059https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.70133Plant Pathology 75 (1) : e70133. (January/February 2026)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-PD-E4-I081-001, Generación de reactivos, desarrollo de metodologías, validación y acreditación de ensayos para el diagnóstico de patógenos vegetalesinfo:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-PD-E4-I101-001, Prospección, Prevención y Control de Lobesia botrana, Drosophila suzukii, HLB y Carpocapsainfo:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PD-L01-I083, Determinación de los mecanismos moleculares que rigen las interacciones entre plantas y patógenos y desarrollo de herramientas para contribuir al control de enfermedadesinfo:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PE-L01-I051, Fortalecimiento y modernización de la cadena citrícola nacional con enfoque en la sostenibilidad en un marco de cambio climáticoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-04-16T09:53:24Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/25229instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-04-16 09:53:25.191INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
title Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
spellingShingle Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
Joris, Giovanna Lujan
Citrus
Viroids
Pospiviroidae
Host Pathogen Relations
Plant Diseases
Viroides
Relaciones Huésped Patógeno
Enfermedades de las Plantas
Argentina
Citricultura
Región Noreste, Argentina
Citriculture
title_short Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
title_full Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
title_fullStr Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
title_full_unstemmed Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
title_sort Citrus Viroids in Northeastern Argentina: Diversity, Pathogenic Determinants and Host Interactions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Joris, Giovanna Lujan
Musso, Federico O.
Conti, Gabriela
Gomez, Claudio Andres
Reyes, Carina Andrea
author Joris, Giovanna Lujan
author_facet Joris, Giovanna Lujan
Musso, Federico O.
Conti, Gabriela
Gomez, Claudio Andres
Reyes, Carina Andrea
author_role author
author2 Musso, Federico O.
Conti, Gabriela
Gomez, Claudio Andres
Reyes, Carina Andrea
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Citrus
Viroids
Pospiviroidae
Host Pathogen Relations
Plant Diseases
Viroides
Relaciones Huésped Patógeno
Enfermedades de las Plantas
Argentina
Citricultura
Región Noreste, Argentina
Citriculture
topic Citrus
Viroids
Pospiviroidae
Host Pathogen Relations
Plant Diseases
Viroides
Relaciones Huésped Patógeno
Enfermedades de las Plantas
Argentina
Citricultura
Región Noreste, Argentina
Citriculture
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, but its yield is threatened by pathogens, including viroids. Citrus species host several viroids, such as citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and specific variants of hop stunt viroid (HSVd), which cause exocortis and cachexia, respectively. Despite previous studies, knowledge regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of citrus viroids in Argentina remains scarce. In this study, Citrus sinensis samples were collected from three subregions of the northeastern Argentine citrus belt. Symptomatic field material was inoculated into Etrog citron (Citrus medica) for symptom evaluation, viroid identification and accumulation analysis. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of CEVd, HSVd and citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) occurring in single or mixed infections: 15% with CEVd alone, 50% with HSVd and CDVd and 35% with triple infections. Selected isolates from different subregions were inoculated into different hosts (tomato [Solanum lycopersicon], Etrog citron and cucumber [Cucumis sativus]) to investigate sequence determinants associated with pathogenicity. Local isolates showed distinct features: CEVd grouped into severe (A) and mild (B) categories, with group A accumulating to higher levels, carrying polymorphisms in the P and V domains and inducing tomato stunting. HSVd isolates corresponded to non-cachexia variants but induced growth delay in cucumber plants and CDVd clustered with CVd-IIIa and CVd-IIIb groups. In silico analysis revealed abundant P-domain-derived vd-siRNAs, with predicted host gene targets associated with symptom expression. This work represents the first comprehensive molecular characterisation of citrus viroids in northeastern Argentina, uncovering their diversity, pathogenic traits and potential host–pathogen interactions.
EEA Concordia
Fil: Joris, Giovanna Lujan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; Argentina
Fil: Musso, Federico O. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Musso, Federico O. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Conti, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Conti, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Gomez, Claudio Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia; Argentina
Fil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Reyes, Carina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
description Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, but its yield is threatened by pathogens, including viroids. Citrus species host several viroids, such as citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and specific variants of hop stunt viroid (HSVd), which cause exocortis and cachexia, respectively. Despite previous studies, knowledge regarding the distribution and genetic diversity of citrus viroids in Argentina remains scarce. In this study, Citrus sinensis samples were collected from three subregions of the northeastern Argentine citrus belt. Symptomatic field material was inoculated into Etrog citron (Citrus medica) for symptom evaluation, viroid identification and accumulation analysis. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of CEVd, HSVd and citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) occurring in single or mixed infections: 15% with CEVd alone, 50% with HSVd and CDVd and 35% with triple infections. Selected isolates from different subregions were inoculated into different hosts (tomato [Solanum lycopersicon], Etrog citron and cucumber [Cucumis sativus]) to investigate sequence determinants associated with pathogenicity. Local isolates showed distinct features: CEVd grouped into severe (A) and mild (B) categories, with group A accumulating to higher levels, carrying polymorphisms in the P and V domains and inducing tomato stunting. HSVd isolates corresponded to non-cachexia variants but induced growth delay in cucumber plants and CDVd clustered with CVd-IIIa and CVd-IIIb groups. In silico analysis revealed abundant P-domain-derived vd-siRNAs, with predicted host gene targets associated with symptom expression. This work represents the first comprehensive molecular characterisation of citrus viroids in northeastern Argentina, uncovering their diversity, pathogenic traits and potential host–pathogen interactions.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026-02-19T10:15:54Z
2026-02-19T10:15:54Z
2026-02
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25229
https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.70133
0032-0862
1365-3059
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.70133
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25229
https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.70133
https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.70133
identifier_str_mv 0032-0862
1365-3059
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-PD-E4-I081-001, Generación de reactivos, desarrollo de metodologías, validación y acreditación de ensayos para el diagnóstico de patógenos vegetales
info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-PD-E4-I101-001, Prospección, Prevención y Control de Lobesia botrana, Drosophila suzukii, HLB y Carpocapsa
info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PD-L01-I083, Determinación de los mecanismos moleculares que rigen las interacciones entre plantas y patógenos y desarrollo de herramientas para contribuir al control de enfermedades
info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PE-L01-I051, Fortalecimiento y modernización de la cadena citrícola nacional con enfoque en la sostenibilidad en un marco de cambio climático
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv restrictedAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Plant Pathology 75 (1) : e70133. (January/February 2026)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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