Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants
- Autores
- Cardillo, Maria Eugenia; Brambilla, Silvina Maricel; Liebrenz, Karen Ivana; Frare, Romina Alejandra; Maguire, Vanina Giselle; Soto, Gabriela Cynthia; Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo; Ayub, Nicolás Daniel
- Año de publicación
- 2025
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- The regulatory classification of genome-edited microorganisms remains a topic of debate, particularly in the agricultural sector. In this study, we analyze the genomic and physiological differences of commercial variants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, a widely used soybean inoculant, to establish a reference framework for distinguishing natural genetic variation from intentional genome editing. Specifically, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic assessments of E109 variants obtained from commercial inoculants, comparing them to the official strain maintained by INTA. Our results reveal that commercial variants naturally accumulate multiple single-nucleotide substitutions, with an average of 9.7 mutations per variant, comparable to a CRISPR base-editing event targeting at least 6 different loci. Notably, the majority of these mutations occur within coding sequences (91%), and most of them (82%) are non-synonymous, potentially affecting protein function and inoculant fitness. In vitro and in planta assays confirmed that these natural mutations impact key traits, including oxidative stress resistance, root attachment, cell survival, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. These findings provide a scientific basis for regulatory decisions by demonstrating that genomic variability within commercial inoculants is a natural process and support the classification of base-edited inoculants as equivalent to non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs).
Instituto de Biotecnología
Fil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina
Fil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina
Fil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina
Fil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina
Fil: Maguire, Vanina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; Argentina
Fil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina
Fil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; Argentina
Fil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina
Fil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina - Fuente
- Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 161 : article number 26. (April 2025)
- Materia
-
Inoculation
Soybeans
Gene Editing
Genetic Variation
Inoculación
Rhizobiaceae
Soja
Edición de Genes
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Variación Genética
Inoculants
Non Genetically Modified Organisms
Inoculante
Organismo no Modificado Genéticamente - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso restringido
- Condiciones de uso
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
- Repositorio
- Institución
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
- OAI Identificador
- oai:localhost:20.500.12123/22399
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Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculantsCardillo, Maria EugeniaBrambilla, Silvina MaricelLiebrenz, Karen IvanaFrare, Romina AlejandraMaguire, Vanina GiselleSoto, Gabriela CynthiaRuiz, Oscar AdolfoAyub, Nicolás DanielInoculationSoybeansGene EditingGenetic VariationInoculaciónRhizobiaceaeSojaEdición de GenesBradyrhizobium japonicumVariación GenéticaInoculantsNon Genetically Modified OrganismsInoculanteOrganismo no Modificado GenéticamenteThe regulatory classification of genome-edited microorganisms remains a topic of debate, particularly in the agricultural sector. In this study, we analyze the genomic and physiological differences of commercial variants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, a widely used soybean inoculant, to establish a reference framework for distinguishing natural genetic variation from intentional genome editing. Specifically, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic assessments of E109 variants obtained from commercial inoculants, comparing them to the official strain maintained by INTA. Our results reveal that commercial variants naturally accumulate multiple single-nucleotide substitutions, with an average of 9.7 mutations per variant, comparable to a CRISPR base-editing event targeting at least 6 different loci. Notably, the majority of these mutations occur within coding sequences (91%), and most of them (82%) are non-synonymous, potentially affecting protein function and inoculant fitness. In vitro and in planta assays confirmed that these natural mutations impact key traits, including oxidative stress resistance, root attachment, cell survival, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. These findings provide a scientific basis for regulatory decisions by demonstrating that genomic variability within commercial inoculants is a natural process and support the classification of base-edited inoculants as equivalent to non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs).Instituto de BiotecnologíaFil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Maguire, Vanina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; ArgentinaFil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaSpringer2025-05-23T10:37:26Z2025-05-23T10:37:26Z2025-04info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/22399https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-61573-5044https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-6Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 161 : article number 26. (April 2025)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2025-09-29T13:47:19Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/22399instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2025-09-29 13:47:19.554INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
title |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
spellingShingle |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants Cardillo, Maria Eugenia Inoculation Soybeans Gene Editing Genetic Variation Inoculación Rhizobiaceae Soja Edición de Genes Bradyrhizobium japonicum Variación Genética Inoculants Non Genetically Modified Organisms Inoculante Organismo no Modificado Genéticamente |
title_short |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
title_full |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
title_fullStr |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
title_sort |
Genomic and physiological plasticity in natural variants of commercial soybean inoculants supports the non-GMO status of base-edited inoculants |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Cardillo, Maria Eugenia Brambilla, Silvina Maricel Liebrenz, Karen Ivana Frare, Romina Alejandra Maguire, Vanina Giselle Soto, Gabriela Cynthia Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo Ayub, Nicolás Daniel |
author |
Cardillo, Maria Eugenia |
author_facet |
Cardillo, Maria Eugenia Brambilla, Silvina Maricel Liebrenz, Karen Ivana Frare, Romina Alejandra Maguire, Vanina Giselle Soto, Gabriela Cynthia Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo Ayub, Nicolás Daniel |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Brambilla, Silvina Maricel Liebrenz, Karen Ivana Frare, Romina Alejandra Maguire, Vanina Giselle Soto, Gabriela Cynthia Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo Ayub, Nicolás Daniel |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Inoculation Soybeans Gene Editing Genetic Variation Inoculación Rhizobiaceae Soja Edición de Genes Bradyrhizobium japonicum Variación Genética Inoculants Non Genetically Modified Organisms Inoculante Organismo no Modificado Genéticamente |
topic |
Inoculation Soybeans Gene Editing Genetic Variation Inoculación Rhizobiaceae Soja Edición de Genes Bradyrhizobium japonicum Variación Genética Inoculants Non Genetically Modified Organisms Inoculante Organismo no Modificado Genéticamente |
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
The regulatory classification of genome-edited microorganisms remains a topic of debate, particularly in the agricultural sector. In this study, we analyze the genomic and physiological differences of commercial variants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, a widely used soybean inoculant, to establish a reference framework for distinguishing natural genetic variation from intentional genome editing. Specifically, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic assessments of E109 variants obtained from commercial inoculants, comparing them to the official strain maintained by INTA. Our results reveal that commercial variants naturally accumulate multiple single-nucleotide substitutions, with an average of 9.7 mutations per variant, comparable to a CRISPR base-editing event targeting at least 6 different loci. Notably, the majority of these mutations occur within coding sequences (91%), and most of them (82%) are non-synonymous, potentially affecting protein function and inoculant fitness. In vitro and in planta assays confirmed that these natural mutations impact key traits, including oxidative stress resistance, root attachment, cell survival, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. These findings provide a scientific basis for regulatory decisions by demonstrating that genomic variability within commercial inoculants is a natural process and support the classification of base-edited inoculants as equivalent to non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs). Instituto de Biotecnología Fil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Cardillo, Maria Eugenia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina Fil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Brambilla, Silvina Maricel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina Fil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Liebrenz, Karen Ivana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina Fil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Frare, Romina Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina Fil: Maguire, Vanina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; Argentina Fil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Soto, Gabriela Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús; Argentina Fil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; Argentina |
description |
The regulatory classification of genome-edited microorganisms remains a topic of debate, particularly in the agricultural sector. In this study, we analyze the genomic and physiological differences of commercial variants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, a widely used soybean inoculant, to establish a reference framework for distinguishing natural genetic variation from intentional genome editing. Specifically, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic assessments of E109 variants obtained from commercial inoculants, comparing them to the official strain maintained by INTA. Our results reveal that commercial variants naturally accumulate multiple single-nucleotide substitutions, with an average of 9.7 mutations per variant, comparable to a CRISPR base-editing event targeting at least 6 different loci. Notably, the majority of these mutations occur within coding sequences (91%), and most of them (82%) are non-synonymous, potentially affecting protein function and inoculant fitness. In vitro and in planta assays confirmed that these natural mutations impact key traits, including oxidative stress resistance, root attachment, cell survival, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. These findings provide a scientific basis for regulatory decisions by demonstrating that genomic variability within commercial inoculants is a natural process and support the classification of base-edited inoculants as equivalent to non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs). |
publishDate |
2025 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-05-23T10:37:26Z 2025-05-23T10:37:26Z 2025-04 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/22399 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-6 1573-5044 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-6 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/22399 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-025-03059-6 |
identifier_str_mv |
1573-5044 |
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
eu_rights_str_mv |
restrictedAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 161 : article number 26. (April 2025) reponame:INTA Digital (INTA) instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
reponame_str |
INTA Digital (INTA) |
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INTA Digital (INTA) |
instname_str |
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar |
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