Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities

Autores
Milkereit, Janina; Donath, Tobias W.; Zimmermann, Marie; Schneider, Justin M.; Diekötter, Tim; Spielvogel, Sandra; Garcia, Andrés
Año de publicación
2026
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Moxidectin (MOX) belongs to the macrocyclic lactones, a class of anthelmintic drugs widely used in livestock that can enter the soil environment and persist by binding to soil organic matter. While MOX is effective against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes, its potential impact on free-living soil nematodes remains largely unexplored. In a controlled 8-week pot experiment, we examined how MOX, applied via sheep dung, affects free-living soil nematode communities and related ecological indices of soil condition. The effects of increasing MOX dosages (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/pot) on nematode abundance, diversity and trophic structure were investigated and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil nitrogen (N) were assessed. While total nematode numbers remained unchanged, MOX significantly altered the nematode community composition, with a decline in nematodes classified as c-p3 to c-p5 (on the colonizer-persister scale), typically associated with stable soil conditions. Further, MOX reduced key ecological indices, such as the Maturity Index (MI2–5) and Structure Index (SI), indicating increased environmental stress and reduced food web complexity. Low and medium MOX treatments further reduced Shannon diversity and nematode community evenness. Opportunistic c-p1 nematodes were related to increases in MBC whereas c-p2 nematodes negatively correlated with MBC. However, MBC was not affected by MOX. While mineral N was not affected by MOX, we found that total N was reduced in soils, suggesting changes in soil N mineralization. Our findings highlight the need for qualitative research on the ecological consequences of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil ecosystems, and their potential long-term effects on soil biodiversity and functionality.
EEA Cesáreo Naredo
Fil: Milkereit, Janina. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Donath, Tobias W. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: Zimmermann, Marie. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Schneider, Justin M. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Diekötter, Tim. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: Spielvogel, Sandra. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: García, Andrés. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: García, Andrés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cesáreo Naredo. Agencia de Extensión Rural Coronel Suárez; Argentina
Fuente
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 316 : 120122. (May 2026)
Materia
Ecotoxicidad
Antihelmínticos
Nematodo No Parásito
Indicadores Biológicos
Suelo
Ecotoxicity
Anthelmintics
Free-living Nematodes
Biological Indicators
Soil
Moxidectina
Moxidectin
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
oai:localhost:20.500.12123/25811
Acceder
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oai_identifier_str oai:localhost:20.500.12123/25811
network_acronym_str INTADig
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network_name_str INTA Digital (INTA)
spelling Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communitiesMilkereit, JaninaDonath, Tobias W.Zimmermann, MarieSchneider, Justin M.Diekötter, TimSpielvogel, SandraGarcia, AndrésEcotoxicidadAntihelmínticosNematodo No ParásitoIndicadores BiológicosSueloEcotoxicityAnthelminticsFree-living NematodesBiological IndicatorsSoilMoxidectinaMoxidectinMoxidectin (MOX) belongs to the macrocyclic lactones, a class of anthelmintic drugs widely used in livestock that can enter the soil environment and persist by binding to soil organic matter. While MOX is effective against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes, its potential impact on free-living soil nematodes remains largely unexplored. In a controlled 8-week pot experiment, we examined how MOX, applied via sheep dung, affects free-living soil nematode communities and related ecological indices of soil condition. The effects of increasing MOX dosages (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/pot) on nematode abundance, diversity and trophic structure were investigated and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil nitrogen (N) were assessed. While total nematode numbers remained unchanged, MOX significantly altered the nematode community composition, with a decline in nematodes classified as c-p3 to c-p5 (on the colonizer-persister scale), typically associated with stable soil conditions. Further, MOX reduced key ecological indices, such as the Maturity Index (MI2–5) and Structure Index (SI), indicating increased environmental stress and reduced food web complexity. Low and medium MOX treatments further reduced Shannon diversity and nematode community evenness. Opportunistic c-p1 nematodes were related to increases in MBC whereas c-p2 nematodes negatively correlated with MBC. However, MBC was not affected by MOX. While mineral N was not affected by MOX, we found that total N was reduced in soils, suggesting changes in soil N mineralization. Our findings highlight the need for qualitative research on the ecological consequences of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil ecosystems, and their potential long-term effects on soil biodiversity and functionality.EEA Cesáreo NaredoFil: Milkereit, Janina. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; AlemaniaFil: Donath, Tobias W. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; AlemaniaFil: Zimmermann, Marie. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; AlemaniaFil: Schneider, Justin M. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; AlemaniaFil: Diekötter, Tim. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; AlemaniaFil: Spielvogel, Sandra. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; AlemaniaFil: García, Andrés. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; AlemaniaFil: García, Andrés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cesáreo Naredo. Agencia de Extensión Rural Coronel Suárez; ArgentinaElsevier2026-04-15T12:12:29Z2026-04-15T12:12:29Z2026-05info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25811https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S01476513260045130147-65131090-2414https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120122Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 316 : 120122. (May 2026)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-04-16T09:53:31Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/25811instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-04-16 09:53:32.213INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
title Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
spellingShingle Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
Milkereit, Janina
Ecotoxicidad
Antihelmínticos
Nematodo No Parásito
Indicadores Biológicos
Suelo
Ecotoxicity
Anthelmintics
Free-living Nematodes
Biological Indicators
Soil
Moxidectina
Moxidectin
title_short Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
title_full Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
title_fullStr Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
title_full_unstemmed Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
title_sort Dung-applied anthelmintic drug moxidectin alters free-living soil nematode communities
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Milkereit, Janina
Donath, Tobias W.
Zimmermann, Marie
Schneider, Justin M.
Diekötter, Tim
Spielvogel, Sandra
Garcia, Andrés
author Milkereit, Janina
author_facet Milkereit, Janina
Donath, Tobias W.
Zimmermann, Marie
Schneider, Justin M.
Diekötter, Tim
Spielvogel, Sandra
Garcia, Andrés
author_role author
author2 Donath, Tobias W.
Zimmermann, Marie
Schneider, Justin M.
Diekötter, Tim
Spielvogel, Sandra
Garcia, Andrés
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Ecotoxicidad
Antihelmínticos
Nematodo No Parásito
Indicadores Biológicos
Suelo
Ecotoxicity
Anthelmintics
Free-living Nematodes
Biological Indicators
Soil
Moxidectina
Moxidectin
topic Ecotoxicidad
Antihelmínticos
Nematodo No Parásito
Indicadores Biológicos
Suelo
Ecotoxicity
Anthelmintics
Free-living Nematodes
Biological Indicators
Soil
Moxidectina
Moxidectin
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Moxidectin (MOX) belongs to the macrocyclic lactones, a class of anthelmintic drugs widely used in livestock that can enter the soil environment and persist by binding to soil organic matter. While MOX is effective against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes, its potential impact on free-living soil nematodes remains largely unexplored. In a controlled 8-week pot experiment, we examined how MOX, applied via sheep dung, affects free-living soil nematode communities and related ecological indices of soil condition. The effects of increasing MOX dosages (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/pot) on nematode abundance, diversity and trophic structure were investigated and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil nitrogen (N) were assessed. While total nematode numbers remained unchanged, MOX significantly altered the nematode community composition, with a decline in nematodes classified as c-p3 to c-p5 (on the colonizer-persister scale), typically associated with stable soil conditions. Further, MOX reduced key ecological indices, such as the Maturity Index (MI2–5) and Structure Index (SI), indicating increased environmental stress and reduced food web complexity. Low and medium MOX treatments further reduced Shannon diversity and nematode community evenness. Opportunistic c-p1 nematodes were related to increases in MBC whereas c-p2 nematodes negatively correlated with MBC. However, MBC was not affected by MOX. While mineral N was not affected by MOX, we found that total N was reduced in soils, suggesting changes in soil N mineralization. Our findings highlight the need for qualitative research on the ecological consequences of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil ecosystems, and their potential long-term effects on soil biodiversity and functionality.
EEA Cesáreo Naredo
Fil: Milkereit, Janina. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Donath, Tobias W. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: Zimmermann, Marie. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Schneider, Justin M. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: Diekötter, Tim. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: Spielvogel, Sandra. Kiel University. Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Alemania
Fil: García, Andrés. Kiel University. Institute for Natural Resource Conservation. Department of Landscape Ecology; Alemania
Fil: García, Andrés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cesáreo Naredo. Agencia de Extensión Rural Coronel Suárez; Argentina
description Moxidectin (MOX) belongs to the macrocyclic lactones, a class of anthelmintic drugs widely used in livestock that can enter the soil environment and persist by binding to soil organic matter. While MOX is effective against gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes, its potential impact on free-living soil nematodes remains largely unexplored. In a controlled 8-week pot experiment, we examined how MOX, applied via sheep dung, affects free-living soil nematode communities and related ecological indices of soil condition. The effects of increasing MOX dosages (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/pot) on nematode abundance, diversity and trophic structure were investigated and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil nitrogen (N) were assessed. While total nematode numbers remained unchanged, MOX significantly altered the nematode community composition, with a decline in nematodes classified as c-p3 to c-p5 (on the colonizer-persister scale), typically associated with stable soil conditions. Further, MOX reduced key ecological indices, such as the Maturity Index (MI2–5) and Structure Index (SI), indicating increased environmental stress and reduced food web complexity. Low and medium MOX treatments further reduced Shannon diversity and nematode community evenness. Opportunistic c-p1 nematodes were related to increases in MBC whereas c-p2 nematodes negatively correlated with MBC. However, MBC was not affected by MOX. While mineral N was not affected by MOX, we found that total N was reduced in soils, suggesting changes in soil N mineralization. Our findings highlight the need for qualitative research on the ecological consequences of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil ecosystems, and their potential long-term effects on soil biodiversity and functionality.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026-04-15T12:12:29Z
2026-04-15T12:12:29Z
2026-05
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25811
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651326004513
0147-6513
1090-2414
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120122
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/25811
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651326004513
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120122
identifier_str_mv 0147-6513
1090-2414
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 316 : 120122. (May 2026)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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score 13.203462

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