Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review

Autores
Dhall, Rajinder Kumar; Cavagnaro, Pablo; Malik, Geetika; Malik, Ajaz Ahmed; Rana, Neha
Año de publicación
2025
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.
EEA Mendoza
Fil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina.
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; Polonia
Fil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; India
Fil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India
Fuente
Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025)
Materia
Ajo
Fitomejoramiento
Expresión Génica
Floración
Transcriptoma
Garlic
Plant Breeding
Gene Expression
Flowering
Transcriptome
Allium sativum
Plant Biotechnology
Biotecnología Vegetal
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
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spelling Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive ReviewDhall, Rajinder KumarCavagnaro, PabloMalik, GeetikaMalik, Ajaz AhmedRana, NehaAjoFitomejoramientoExpresión GénicaFloraciónTranscriptomaGarlicPlant BreedingGene ExpressionFloweringTranscriptomeAllium sativumPlant BiotechnologyBiotecnología VegetalGarlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.EEA MendozaFil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; IndiaFil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina.Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; PoloniaFil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; IndiaFil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; IndiaFil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; IndiaWiley2025-09-12T13:48:56Z2025-09-12T13:48:56Z2025-08info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.700120179-95411439-0523https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2025-09-29T13:47:31Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/23796instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2025-09-29 13:47:32.202INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
title Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
spellingShingle Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
Dhall, Rajinder Kumar
Ajo
Fitomejoramiento
Expresión Génica
Floración
Transcriptoma
Garlic
Plant Breeding
Gene Expression
Flowering
Transcriptome
Allium sativum
Plant Biotechnology
Biotecnología Vegetal
title_short Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
title_full Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
title_fullStr Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
title_full_unstemmed Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
title_sort Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Dhall, Rajinder Kumar
Cavagnaro, Pablo
Malik, Geetika
Malik, Ajaz Ahmed
Rana, Neha
author Dhall, Rajinder Kumar
author_facet Dhall, Rajinder Kumar
Cavagnaro, Pablo
Malik, Geetika
Malik, Ajaz Ahmed
Rana, Neha
author_role author
author2 Cavagnaro, Pablo
Malik, Geetika
Malik, Ajaz Ahmed
Rana, Neha
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Ajo
Fitomejoramiento
Expresión Génica
Floración
Transcriptoma
Garlic
Plant Breeding
Gene Expression
Flowering
Transcriptome
Allium sativum
Plant Biotechnology
Biotecnología Vegetal
topic Ajo
Fitomejoramiento
Expresión Génica
Floración
Transcriptoma
Garlic
Plant Breeding
Gene Expression
Flowering
Transcriptome
Allium sativum
Plant Biotechnology
Biotecnología Vegetal
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.
EEA Mendoza
Fil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina.
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; Polonia
Fil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; India
Fil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India
description Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-12T13:48:56Z
2025-09-12T13:48:56Z
2025-08
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
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status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.70012
0179-9541
1439-0523
https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.70012
https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012
identifier_str_mv 0179-9541
1439-0523
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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