Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review
- Autores
- Dhall, Rajinder Kumar; Cavagnaro, Pablo; Malik, Geetika; Malik, Ajaz Ahmed; Rana, Neha
- Año de publicación
- 2025
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.
EEA Mendoza
Fil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina.
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; Polonia
Fil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; India
Fil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; India
Fil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India - Fuente
- Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025)
- Materia
-
Ajo
Fitomejoramiento
Expresión Génica
Floración
Transcriptoma
Garlic
Plant Breeding
Gene Expression
Flowering
Transcriptome
Allium sativum
Plant Biotechnology
Biotecnología Vegetal - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
- Repositorio
- Institución
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
- OAI Identificador
- oai:localhost:20.500.12123/23796
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Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive ReviewDhall, Rajinder KumarCavagnaro, PabloMalik, GeetikaMalik, Ajaz AhmedRana, NehaAjoFitomejoramientoExpresión GénicaFloraciónTranscriptomaGarlicPlant BreedingGene ExpressionFloweringTranscriptomeAllium sativumPlant BiotechnologyBiotecnología VegetalGarlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable.EEA MendozaFil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; IndiaFil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina.Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; PoloniaFil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; IndiaFil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; IndiaFil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; IndiaWiley2025-09-12T13:48:56Z2025-09-12T13:48:56Z2025-08info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.700120179-95411439-0523https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2025-09-29T13:47:31Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/23796instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2025-09-29 13:47:32.202INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
title |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
spellingShingle |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review Dhall, Rajinder Kumar Ajo Fitomejoramiento Expresión Génica Floración Transcriptoma Garlic Plant Breeding Gene Expression Flowering Transcriptome Allium sativum Plant Biotechnology Biotecnología Vegetal |
title_short |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
title_fullStr |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
title_sort |
Reproductive Biology, Sterility and Fertility Restoration, Breeding and Biotechnological Advances in Garlic: A Comprehensive Review |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Dhall, Rajinder Kumar Cavagnaro, Pablo Malik, Geetika Malik, Ajaz Ahmed Rana, Neha |
author |
Dhall, Rajinder Kumar |
author_facet |
Dhall, Rajinder Kumar Cavagnaro, Pablo Malik, Geetika Malik, Ajaz Ahmed Rana, Neha |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Cavagnaro, Pablo Malik, Geetika Malik, Ajaz Ahmed Rana, Neha |
author2_role |
author author author author |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Ajo Fitomejoramiento Expresión Génica Floración Transcriptoma Garlic Plant Breeding Gene Expression Flowering Transcriptome Allium sativum Plant Biotechnology Biotecnología Vegetal |
topic |
Ajo Fitomejoramiento Expresión Génica Floración Transcriptoma Garlic Plant Breeding Gene Expression Flowering Transcriptome Allium sativum Plant Biotechnology Biotecnología Vegetal |
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable. EEA Mendoza Fil: Dhall, Rajinder Kumar. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza; Argentina. Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Cavagnaro, Pablo Federico. University of Agriculture in Krakow. Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture. Department of Plant Biology, and Biotechnology; Polonia Fil: Malik, Geetika. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture. Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture; India Fil: Malik, Ajaz Ahmed. Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology-Kashmir. Division of Vegetable Science; India Fil: Rana, Neha. Punjab Agricultural University. Department of Vegetable Science; India |
description |
Garlic reproduces asexually, as its flowers are generally partially or completely sterile. In some garlic populations, inflorescences often exhibit small aerial bulbs, called ‘bulbils’, which are believed to compete for photoassimilates with developing flowers, thereby influencing fertility. Recent physiological studies on a few fertile genotypes and successful restoration of fertility by removing bulbils from inflorescences and growing the plants under long day conditions have suggested the potential possibility of commercial true seed production in garlic. Additionally, advances in garlic research using cutting edge technologies, including genomic assisted breeding, QTL and simply-inherited trait mapping, genome wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics, metabolic engineering and somaclonal variation, have contributed to our understanding of underlying causes and mechanisms of garlic sterility, although, to date, this has not been completely elucidated. As a result, large-scale commercial seed production of garlic is not currently possible. Thus, current breeding strategies should focus on the selection of those—rather infrequent—clones with fertile flowers, and inflorescences with few and small bulbils, exhibiting high yields of large and viable seeds. This review summarizes and critically discusses results from over 30 years of research on garlic reproductive biology, its sterility and reported cases of fertility restoration, and the approaches used for true seed production in the species. Genetic, physiological and morphological factors affecting this trait are discussed. Unlocking garlic's sexual reproduction would have a tremendous positive impact in breeding, genetic research, and—ultimately—domestication of this flavourful vegetable. |
publishDate |
2025 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-09-12T13:48:56Z 2025-09-12T13:48:56Z 2025-08 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.70012 0179-9541 1439-0523 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23796 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.70012 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.70012 |
identifier_str_mv |
0179-9541 1439-0523 |
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Wiley |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Wiley |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Plant Breeding : 1-24. (First published: 05 August 2025) reponame:INTA Digital (INTA) instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
reponame_str |
INTA Digital (INTA) |
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INTA Digital (INTA) |
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Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
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INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar |
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1844619209409036288 |
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12.559606 |