Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?

Autores
Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Vélez, María Laura; Garbelotto, Matteo
Año de publicación
2015
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Starting in 1948, significant mortality of A. chilensis was reported in several areas. Disease progression appeared to be fast leading often to 50% mortality, or more, of trees of all ages and size classes. The symptoms included withering, defoliation, and root rot. Patterns of spread of mortality suggested an infectious disease, and the term "Mal del Ciprés" (Cypress disease) was coined to describe the phenomenon. Its causal agent though remained unresolved for over 57 years, despite the several attempts by groups of scientists, including one FAOsponsored expedition whose participants suggested to continue the studies and to investigate the possible participation of a root pathogen. The lack of understanding of the causes behind the Mal del ciprés, greatly hindered any significant advancement in the formulation of preventive and disease control measures. In 2005, a collaboration between Argentine and US scientists led to the discovery of the causal agent of the disease, since then named "Austrocedrus root disease (ARD)". The causal agent was found to be an undescribed soilborne pathogen belonging to the genus Phytophthora, soon to be named P. austrocedri. Although research on novel organisms is extremely complex and demanding, the discovery has led to the understanding of the disease cycle, including some key epidemiological aspects. Currently it is understood that higher infection rates are associated with abiotic factors that favor Phytophthora proliferation and with the proximity to roads and streams, and intensity of grazing. Nine years after the initial discovery, there is little evidence of natural resistance in populations of the tree host, while it has become apparent that humans are responsible, through cattle grazing, vehicular and foot traffic, and construction, for the spread of the disease both in areas adjacent to older infestations and in new areas. Natural preserves and national parks with limited access show no or limited disease. In infested areas, though, mortality can reach 90%, and it has been estimated that P. austrocedri is now present in many sites in at least 3 Argentine states. In 2011, an apparently identical pathogen surfaced in the United Kingdom, where it appears to be causing widespread mortality of a key species of heath and moorlands, Juniperus communis. Although it is still unclear whether the causal agents of the two outbreaks are really the same, the extremely simplified genetic structure of pathogen populations in the two areas suggest both outbreaks are caused by an introduced exotic pathogen, and not by an emergent native one. According to it exotic origin, mitigation measures for ARD should be directed to both the protection of healthy areas, avoiding the introduction of the pathogen, and to the mitigation of disease impact in affected areas.
Fil: Greslebin, Alina Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Vélez, María Laura. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Garbelotto, Matteo. University of California Berkeley; Estados Unidos
Materia
Phytophthora Austrocedrus
Mitigation Measures
Mal del Cipres
Austrocedrus Root Disease
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/21171

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network_name_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
spelling Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?Greslebin, Alina GabrielaVélez, María LauraGarbelotto, MatteoPhytophthora AustrocedrusMitigation MeasuresMal del CipresAustrocedrus Root Diseasehttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Starting in 1948, significant mortality of A. chilensis was reported in several areas. Disease progression appeared to be fast leading often to 50% mortality, or more, of trees of all ages and size classes. The symptoms included withering, defoliation, and root rot. Patterns of spread of mortality suggested an infectious disease, and the term "Mal del Ciprés" (Cypress disease) was coined to describe the phenomenon. Its causal agent though remained unresolved for over 57 years, despite the several attempts by groups of scientists, including one FAOsponsored expedition whose participants suggested to continue the studies and to investigate the possible participation of a root pathogen. The lack of understanding of the causes behind the Mal del ciprés, greatly hindered any significant advancement in the formulation of preventive and disease control measures. In 2005, a collaboration between Argentine and US scientists led to the discovery of the causal agent of the disease, since then named "Austrocedrus root disease (ARD)". The causal agent was found to be an undescribed soilborne pathogen belonging to the genus Phytophthora, soon to be named P. austrocedri. Although research on novel organisms is extremely complex and demanding, the discovery has led to the understanding of the disease cycle, including some key epidemiological aspects. Currently it is understood that higher infection rates are associated with abiotic factors that favor Phytophthora proliferation and with the proximity to roads and streams, and intensity of grazing. Nine years after the initial discovery, there is little evidence of natural resistance in populations of the tree host, while it has become apparent that humans are responsible, through cattle grazing, vehicular and foot traffic, and construction, for the spread of the disease both in areas adjacent to older infestations and in new areas. Natural preserves and national parks with limited access show no or limited disease. In infested areas, though, mortality can reach 90%, and it has been estimated that P. austrocedri is now present in many sites in at least 3 Argentine states. In 2011, an apparently identical pathogen surfaced in the United Kingdom, where it appears to be causing widespread mortality of a key species of heath and moorlands, Juniperus communis. Although it is still unclear whether the causal agents of the two outbreaks are really the same, the extremely simplified genetic structure of pathogen populations in the two areas suggest both outbreaks are caused by an introduced exotic pathogen, and not by an emergent native one. According to it exotic origin, mitigation measures for ARD should be directed to both the protection of healthy areas, avoiding the introduction of the pathogen, and to the mitigation of disease impact in affected areas.Fil: Greslebin, Alina Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vélez, María Laura. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Garbelotto, Matteo. University of California Berkeley; Estados UnidosWiley2015-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/21171Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Vélez, María Laura; Garbelotto, Matteo; Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?; Wiley; Natural Resources Forum; 3-20150165-02031477-8947CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=111&nr=5950&menu=35#info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1477-8947/issuesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-29T10:41:13Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/21171instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-29 10:41:13.613CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
title Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
spellingShingle Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
Greslebin, Alina Gabriela
Phytophthora Austrocedrus
Mitigation Measures
Mal del Cipres
Austrocedrus Root Disease
title_short Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
title_full Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
title_fullStr Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
title_full_unstemmed Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
title_sort Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Greslebin, Alina Gabriela
Vélez, María Laura
Garbelotto, Matteo
author Greslebin, Alina Gabriela
author_facet Greslebin, Alina Gabriela
Vélez, María Laura
Garbelotto, Matteo
author_role author
author2 Vélez, María Laura
Garbelotto, Matteo
author2_role author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Phytophthora Austrocedrus
Mitigation Measures
Mal del Cipres
Austrocedrus Root Disease
topic Phytophthora Austrocedrus
Mitigation Measures
Mal del Cipres
Austrocedrus Root Disease
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Starting in 1948, significant mortality of A. chilensis was reported in several areas. Disease progression appeared to be fast leading often to 50% mortality, or more, of trees of all ages and size classes. The symptoms included withering, defoliation, and root rot. Patterns of spread of mortality suggested an infectious disease, and the term "Mal del Ciprés" (Cypress disease) was coined to describe the phenomenon. Its causal agent though remained unresolved for over 57 years, despite the several attempts by groups of scientists, including one FAOsponsored expedition whose participants suggested to continue the studies and to investigate the possible participation of a root pathogen. The lack of understanding of the causes behind the Mal del ciprés, greatly hindered any significant advancement in the formulation of preventive and disease control measures. In 2005, a collaboration between Argentine and US scientists led to the discovery of the causal agent of the disease, since then named "Austrocedrus root disease (ARD)". The causal agent was found to be an undescribed soilborne pathogen belonging to the genus Phytophthora, soon to be named P. austrocedri. Although research on novel organisms is extremely complex and demanding, the discovery has led to the understanding of the disease cycle, including some key epidemiological aspects. Currently it is understood that higher infection rates are associated with abiotic factors that favor Phytophthora proliferation and with the proximity to roads and streams, and intensity of grazing. Nine years after the initial discovery, there is little evidence of natural resistance in populations of the tree host, while it has become apparent that humans are responsible, through cattle grazing, vehicular and foot traffic, and construction, for the spread of the disease both in areas adjacent to older infestations and in new areas. Natural preserves and national parks with limited access show no or limited disease. In infested areas, though, mortality can reach 90%, and it has been estimated that P. austrocedri is now present in many sites in at least 3 Argentine states. In 2011, an apparently identical pathogen surfaced in the United Kingdom, where it appears to be causing widespread mortality of a key species of heath and moorlands, Juniperus communis. Although it is still unclear whether the causal agents of the two outbreaks are really the same, the extremely simplified genetic structure of pathogen populations in the two areas suggest both outbreaks are caused by an introduced exotic pathogen, and not by an emergent native one. According to it exotic origin, mitigation measures for ARD should be directed to both the protection of healthy areas, avoiding the introduction of the pathogen, and to the mitigation of disease impact in affected areas.
Fil: Greslebin, Alina Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Vélez, María Laura. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Garbelotto, Matteo. University of California Berkeley; Estados Unidos
description Starting in 1948, significant mortality of A. chilensis was reported in several areas. Disease progression appeared to be fast leading often to 50% mortality, or more, of trees of all ages and size classes. The symptoms included withering, defoliation, and root rot. Patterns of spread of mortality suggested an infectious disease, and the term "Mal del Ciprés" (Cypress disease) was coined to describe the phenomenon. Its causal agent though remained unresolved for over 57 years, despite the several attempts by groups of scientists, including one FAOsponsored expedition whose participants suggested to continue the studies and to investigate the possible participation of a root pathogen. The lack of understanding of the causes behind the Mal del ciprés, greatly hindered any significant advancement in the formulation of preventive and disease control measures. In 2005, a collaboration between Argentine and US scientists led to the discovery of the causal agent of the disease, since then named "Austrocedrus root disease (ARD)". The causal agent was found to be an undescribed soilborne pathogen belonging to the genus Phytophthora, soon to be named P. austrocedri. Although research on novel organisms is extremely complex and demanding, the discovery has led to the understanding of the disease cycle, including some key epidemiological aspects. Currently it is understood that higher infection rates are associated with abiotic factors that favor Phytophthora proliferation and with the proximity to roads and streams, and intensity of grazing. Nine years after the initial discovery, there is little evidence of natural resistance in populations of the tree host, while it has become apparent that humans are responsible, through cattle grazing, vehicular and foot traffic, and construction, for the spread of the disease both in areas adjacent to older infestations and in new areas. Natural preserves and national parks with limited access show no or limited disease. In infested areas, though, mortality can reach 90%, and it has been estimated that P. austrocedri is now present in many sites in at least 3 Argentine states. In 2011, an apparently identical pathogen surfaced in the United Kingdom, where it appears to be causing widespread mortality of a key species of heath and moorlands, Juniperus communis. Although it is still unclear whether the causal agents of the two outbreaks are really the same, the extremely simplified genetic structure of pathogen populations in the two areas suggest both outbreaks are caused by an introduced exotic pathogen, and not by an emergent native one. According to it exotic origin, mitigation measures for ARD should be directed to both the protection of healthy areas, avoiding the introduction of the pathogen, and to the mitigation of disease impact in affected areas.
publishDate 2015
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2015-03
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/21171
Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Vélez, María Laura; Garbelotto, Matteo; Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?; Wiley; Natural Resources Forum; 3-2015
0165-0203
1477-8947
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/21171
identifier_str_mv Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Vélez, María Laura; Garbelotto, Matteo; Austrocedrus forests of South America are pivotal ecosystems at risk due to the emergence of an exotic tree disease: can a joint effort of research and policy save them?; Wiley; Natural Resources Forum; 3-2015
0165-0203
1477-8947
CONICET Digital
CONICET
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