Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird
- Autores
- Williams, H. J.; Shepard, E. L. C.; Holton, Mark; Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo; Wilson, R. P.; Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin
- Año de publicación
- 2020
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little is known about how flight effort varies with environmental parameters. We deployed bio-logging devices on the world’s heaviest soaring bird, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), to assess the extent to which these birds can operate without resorting to powered flight. Our records of individual wingbeats in >216 h of flight show that condors can sustain soaring across a wide range of wind and thermal conditions, flapping for only 1% of their flight time. This is among the very lowest estimated movement costs in vertebrates. One bird even flew for >5 h without flapping, covering ∼172 km. Overall, > 75% of flapping flight was associated with takeoffs. Movement between weak thermal updrafts at the start of the day also imposed a metabolic cost, with birds flapping toward the end of glides to reach ephemeral thermal updrafts. Nonetheless, the investment required was still remarkably low, and even in winter conditions with weak thermals, condors are only predicted to flap for ∼2 s per kilometer. Therefore, the overall flight effort in the largest soaring birds appears to be constrained by the requirements for takeoff.
Fil: Williams, H. J.. Swansea University; Reino Unido. Max Planck Institute Of Animal Behaviour; Alemania
Fil: Shepard, E. L. C.. Swansea University; Reino Unido
Fil: Holton, Mark. Swansea University; Reino Unido
Fil: Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina
Fil: Wilson, R. P.. Swansea University; Reino Unido
Fil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina - Materia
-
AEROECOLOGY
BIOLOGGING
ENERGY LANDSCAPE
FLIGHT CONSTRAINTS
MOVEMENT ECOLOGY - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/
- Repositorio
- Institución
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- OAI Identificador
- oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/184140
Ver los metadatos del registro completo
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Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring birdWilliams, H. J.Shepard, E. L. C.Holton, MarkAlarcón, Pablo Angel EduardoWilson, R. P.Lambertucci, Sergio AgustinAEROECOLOGYBIOLOGGINGENERGY LANDSCAPEFLIGHT CONSTRAINTSMOVEMENT ECOLOGYhttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little is known about how flight effort varies with environmental parameters. We deployed bio-logging devices on the world’s heaviest soaring bird, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), to assess the extent to which these birds can operate without resorting to powered flight. Our records of individual wingbeats in >216 h of flight show that condors can sustain soaring across a wide range of wind and thermal conditions, flapping for only 1% of their flight time. This is among the very lowest estimated movement costs in vertebrates. One bird even flew for >5 h without flapping, covering ∼172 km. Overall, > 75% of flapping flight was associated with takeoffs. Movement between weak thermal updrafts at the start of the day also imposed a metabolic cost, with birds flapping toward the end of glides to reach ephemeral thermal updrafts. Nonetheless, the investment required was still remarkably low, and even in winter conditions with weak thermals, condors are only predicted to flap for ∼2 s per kilometer. Therefore, the overall flight effort in the largest soaring birds appears to be constrained by the requirements for takeoff.Fil: Williams, H. J.. Swansea University; Reino Unido. Max Planck Institute Of Animal Behaviour; AlemaniaFil: Shepard, E. L. C.. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Holton, Mark. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Wilson, R. P.. Swansea University; Reino UnidoFil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaNational Academy of Sciences2020-07info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/184140Williams, H. J.; Shepard, E. L. C.; Holton, Mark; Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo; Wilson, R. P.; et al.; Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird; National Academy of Sciences; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America; 117; 30; 7-2020; 17884-178900027-8424CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.pnas.org/doi/suppl/10.1073/pnas.1907360117info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907360117info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-29T10:07:07Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/184140instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-29 10:07:07.338CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
title |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
spellingShingle |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird Williams, H. J. AEROECOLOGY BIOLOGGING ENERGY LANDSCAPE FLIGHT CONSTRAINTS MOVEMENT ECOLOGY |
title_short |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
title_full |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
title_fullStr |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
title_full_unstemmed |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
title_sort |
Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Williams, H. J. Shepard, E. L. C. Holton, Mark Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo Wilson, R. P. Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin |
author |
Williams, H. J. |
author_facet |
Williams, H. J. Shepard, E. L. C. Holton, Mark Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo Wilson, R. P. Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Shepard, E. L. C. Holton, Mark Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo Wilson, R. P. Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin |
author2_role |
author author author author author |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
AEROECOLOGY BIOLOGGING ENERGY LANDSCAPE FLIGHT CONSTRAINTS MOVEMENT ECOLOGY |
topic |
AEROECOLOGY BIOLOGGING ENERGY LANDSCAPE FLIGHT CONSTRAINTS MOVEMENT ECOLOGY |
purl_subject.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1 |
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little is known about how flight effort varies with environmental parameters. We deployed bio-logging devices on the world’s heaviest soaring bird, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), to assess the extent to which these birds can operate without resorting to powered flight. Our records of individual wingbeats in >216 h of flight show that condors can sustain soaring across a wide range of wind and thermal conditions, flapping for only 1% of their flight time. This is among the very lowest estimated movement costs in vertebrates. One bird even flew for >5 h without flapping, covering ∼172 km. Overall, > 75% of flapping flight was associated with takeoffs. Movement between weak thermal updrafts at the start of the day also imposed a metabolic cost, with birds flapping toward the end of glides to reach ephemeral thermal updrafts. Nonetheless, the investment required was still remarkably low, and even in winter conditions with weak thermals, condors are only predicted to flap for ∼2 s per kilometer. Therefore, the overall flight effort in the largest soaring birds appears to be constrained by the requirements for takeoff. Fil: Williams, H. J.. Swansea University; Reino Unido. Max Planck Institute Of Animal Behaviour; Alemania Fil: Shepard, E. L. C.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Holton, Mark. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Wilson, R. P.. Swansea University; Reino Unido Fil: Lambertucci, Sergio Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina |
description |
Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little is known about how flight effort varies with environmental parameters. We deployed bio-logging devices on the world’s heaviest soaring bird, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), to assess the extent to which these birds can operate without resorting to powered flight. Our records of individual wingbeats in >216 h of flight show that condors can sustain soaring across a wide range of wind and thermal conditions, flapping for only 1% of their flight time. This is among the very lowest estimated movement costs in vertebrates. One bird even flew for >5 h without flapping, covering ∼172 km. Overall, > 75% of flapping flight was associated with takeoffs. Movement between weak thermal updrafts at the start of the day also imposed a metabolic cost, with birds flapping toward the end of glides to reach ephemeral thermal updrafts. Nonetheless, the investment required was still remarkably low, and even in winter conditions with weak thermals, condors are only predicted to flap for ∼2 s per kilometer. Therefore, the overall flight effort in the largest soaring birds appears to be constrained by the requirements for takeoff. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-07 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/184140 Williams, H. J.; Shepard, E. L. C.; Holton, Mark; Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo; Wilson, R. P.; et al.; Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird; National Academy of Sciences; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America; 117; 30; 7-2020; 17884-17890 0027-8424 CONICET Digital CONICET |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/184140 |
identifier_str_mv |
Williams, H. J.; Shepard, E. L. C.; Holton, Mark; Alarcón, Pablo Angel Eduardo; Wilson, R. P.; et al.; Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird; National Academy of Sciences; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America; 117; 30; 7-2020; 17884-17890 0027-8424 CONICET Digital CONICET |
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.pnas.org/doi/suppl/10.1073/pnas.1907360117 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907360117 |
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/ |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/ |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
National Academy of Sciences |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
National Academy of Sciences |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET) instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas |
reponame_str |
CONICET Digital (CONICET) |
collection |
CONICET Digital (CONICET) |
instname_str |
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar |
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1844613927359479808 |
score |
13.070432 |