Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review
- Autores
- El-Gazzar, Mohamed; Gallardo, Rodrigo; Bragg, Robert; Hashish, Amro; Hui-ling, Sun; Davison, Sherrill; Feberwee, Anneke; Huberman, Yosef Daniel; Skein, H.T.; Coertzen, Azil; Kelly, Donna; Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo; Morales-Erasto, Vladimir; Da Silva, Ana; Meng-Jiao, Guo; Ladman, Brian; Dijkman, Remco; Ghanem, Mostafa
- Año de publicación
- 2025
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Infectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) has risen in importance as a poultry disease over the past several years because of its increased incidence in commercial poultry in both Europe and the United States. Because of this rise in importance, more attention has been focused on diagnosis, isolation, and surveillance of this bacterial pathogen. As a result, new knowledge has been produced and published. This review was compiled with the main purpose of summarizing and presenting the updated knowledge available about AP. However, the new knowledge can only be understood in the context of previously known facts about the disease. Therefore, this review has been organized in two major parts. The first part is a review of the established knowledge about AP, followed by recent updates. In the first part, we summarize the established well-known as well as some of the less-known facts and literature about AP. The second section focuses on specifics of the latest IC outbreaks in commercial poultry in northern latitudes, particularly in Europe and in North America. Additionally, we reviewed the current geographical distribution of the disease in Asia, South America, and Africa. The crises created by emerging or re-emerging disease outbreaks ignite interest in understanding the disease and pathogen in order to combat it properly. This results in new knowledge that improves the understanding of the disease features, leading to improved disease prevention, control, and eradication. Although knowledge about AP has advanced, knowledge gaps about the disease still persist. Therefore, this review concludes with summarizing the current knowledge gaps as well as potential areas for future research.
La coriza infecciosa (CI) causada por Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) ha cobrado importancia como enfermedad de la avicultura en los últimos años debido a su mayor incidencia en avicultura comercial tanto en Europa como en los Estados Unidos. Debido a este aumento de importancia, se ha prestado más atención al diagnóstico, aislamiento y vigilancia de este patógeno bacteriano. Como resultado, se han producido y publicado nuevos conocimientos. Esta revisión se compiló con el objetivo principal de resumir y presentar el conocimiento actualizado disponible sobre la A. paragallinarum. Sin embargo, el nuevo conocimiento solo se puede entender en el contexto de los hechos previamente conocidos sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión se ha organizado en dos partes principales. La primera parte es una revisión del conocimiento establecido sobre A. paragallinarum, seguida de actualizaciones recientes. En la primera parte, resumimos los hechos y la literatura establecidos y bien conocidos, así como algunos de los menos conocidos sobre A. paragallinarum. La segunda sección se centra en los detalles de los últimos brotes de cistitis intersticial en aves de corral comerciales en latitudes septentrionales, en particular en Europa y América del Norte. Además, se analizó la distribución geográfica actual de la enfermedad en Asia, América del Sur y Africa. Las crisis creadas por brotes de enfermedades emergentes o reemergentes despiertan el interés por comprender la enfermedad y el patógeno para combatirla adecuadamente. Esto da como resultado nuevos conocimientos que mejoran la comprensión de las características de la enfermedad, lo que conduce a una mejor prevención, control y erradicación de la enfermedad. Aunque el conocimiento sobre la cistitis intersticial ha avanzado, aún persisten lagunas de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión concluye con un resumen de las lagunas de conocimiento actuales, así como de las posibles áreas para futuras investigaciones.
EEA Balcarce
Fil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: Gallardo, Rodrigo. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: Bragg, Robert. Agriculture Research Center; Egipto
Fil: Hashish, Amro. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: Hashish, Amro. Agriculture Research Center; Egipto
Fil: Hui-ling, Sun. Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; China
Fil: Davison, Sherrill. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: Feberwee, Anneke. Royal GD; Países bajos
Fil: Huberman, Yosef. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina
Fil: Skein, H T. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; Sudáfrica
Fil: Coertzen, Azil. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; Sudáfrica
Fil: Kelly, Donna. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos
Fil: Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo. Autonomous University of the State of México. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; México
Fil: Morales-Erasto, Vladimir. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; México
Fil: Da Silva, Ana. University of the Free State. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Sudáfrica
Fil: Meng-Jiao, Guo. Yangzhou University. College of Veterinary Medicine; China
Fil: Ladman, Brian. University of Delaware. Avian Biosciences Center; Estados Unidos
Fil: Dijkman, Remco. Royal GD; Países bajos
Fil: Ghanem, Mostafa. University of Maryland. Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos - Fuente
- Avian Diseases 68 (S1) : 362-379 (March 2025)
- Materia
-
Avibacterium paragallinarum
Coriza
Serotipos
Genomas
Genotipado
Coryza
Serotypes
Genomes
Genotyping - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
- Repositorio
- Institución
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
- OAI Identificador
- oai:localhost:20.500.12123/23461
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Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive ReviewEstudio Recapitulativo-Avibacterium paragallinarum, el agente causal de la coriza infecciosa: una revisión exhaustivaEl-Gazzar, MohamedGallardo, RodrigoBragg, RobertHashish, AmroHui-ling, SunDavison, SherrillFeberwee, AnnekeHuberman, Yosef DanielSkein, H.T.Coertzen, AzilKelly, DonnaSoriano-Vargas, EdgardoMorales-Erasto, VladimirDa Silva, AnaMeng-Jiao, GuoLadman, BrianDijkman, RemcoGhanem, MostafaAvibacterium paragallinarumCorizaSerotiposGenomasGenotipadoCoryzaSerotypesGenomesGenotypingInfectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) has risen in importance as a poultry disease over the past several years because of its increased incidence in commercial poultry in both Europe and the United States. Because of this rise in importance, more attention has been focused on diagnosis, isolation, and surveillance of this bacterial pathogen. As a result, new knowledge has been produced and published. This review was compiled with the main purpose of summarizing and presenting the updated knowledge available about AP. However, the new knowledge can only be understood in the context of previously known facts about the disease. Therefore, this review has been organized in two major parts. The first part is a review of the established knowledge about AP, followed by recent updates. In the first part, we summarize the established well-known as well as some of the less-known facts and literature about AP. The second section focuses on specifics of the latest IC outbreaks in commercial poultry in northern latitudes, particularly in Europe and in North America. Additionally, we reviewed the current geographical distribution of the disease in Asia, South America, and Africa. The crises created by emerging or re-emerging disease outbreaks ignite interest in understanding the disease and pathogen in order to combat it properly. This results in new knowledge that improves the understanding of the disease features, leading to improved disease prevention, control, and eradication. Although knowledge about AP has advanced, knowledge gaps about the disease still persist. Therefore, this review concludes with summarizing the current knowledge gaps as well as potential areas for future research.La coriza infecciosa (CI) causada por Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) ha cobrado importancia como enfermedad de la avicultura en los últimos años debido a su mayor incidencia en avicultura comercial tanto en Europa como en los Estados Unidos. Debido a este aumento de importancia, se ha prestado más atención al diagnóstico, aislamiento y vigilancia de este patógeno bacteriano. Como resultado, se han producido y publicado nuevos conocimientos. Esta revisión se compiló con el objetivo principal de resumir y presentar el conocimiento actualizado disponible sobre la A. paragallinarum. Sin embargo, el nuevo conocimiento solo se puede entender en el contexto de los hechos previamente conocidos sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión se ha organizado en dos partes principales. La primera parte es una revisión del conocimiento establecido sobre A. paragallinarum, seguida de actualizaciones recientes. En la primera parte, resumimos los hechos y la literatura establecidos y bien conocidos, así como algunos de los menos conocidos sobre A. paragallinarum. La segunda sección se centra en los detalles de los últimos brotes de cistitis intersticial en aves de corral comerciales en latitudes septentrionales, en particular en Europa y América del Norte. Además, se analizó la distribución geográfica actual de la enfermedad en Asia, América del Sur y Africa. Las crisis creadas por brotes de enfermedades emergentes o reemergentes despiertan el interés por comprender la enfermedad y el patógeno para combatirla adecuadamente. Esto da como resultado nuevos conocimientos que mejoran la comprensión de las características de la enfermedad, lo que conduce a una mejor prevención, control y erradicación de la enfermedad. Aunque el conocimiento sobre la cistitis intersticial ha avanzado, aún persisten lagunas de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión concluye con un resumen de las lagunas de conocimiento actuales, así como de las posibles áreas para futuras investigaciones.EEA BalcarceFil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Gallardo, Rodrigo. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Bragg, Robert. Agriculture Research Center; EgiptoFil: Hashish, Amro. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Hashish, Amro. Agriculture Research Center; EgiptoFil: Hui-ling, Sun. Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; ChinaFil: Davison, Sherrill. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Feberwee, Anneke. Royal GD; Países bajosFil: Huberman, Yosef. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Skein, H T. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; SudáfricaFil: Coertzen, Azil. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; SudáfricaFil: Kelly, Donna. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo. Autonomous University of the State of México. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; MéxicoFil: Morales-Erasto, Vladimir. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; MéxicoFil: Da Silva, Ana. University of the Free State. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; SudáfricaFil: Meng-Jiao, Guo. Yangzhou University. College of Veterinary Medicine; ChinaFil: Ladman, Brian. University of Delaware. Avian Biosciences Center; Estados UnidosFil: Dijkman, Remco. Royal GD; Países bajosFil: Ghanem, Mostafa. University of Maryland. Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Estados UnidosAmerican Association of Avian Pathologists2025-08-19T10:04:04Z2025-08-19T10:04:04Z2025-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23461https://bioone.org/journals/avian-diseases/volume-68/issue-S1/aviandiseases-D-24-00105/Avibacterium-paragallinarum-the-Causative-Agent-of-Infectious-Coryza--A/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105.full1938-4351 (online)0005-2086 (print)https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105Avian Diseases 68 (S1) : 362-379 (March 2025)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2025-09-04T09:51:15Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/23461instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2025-09-04 09:51:15.553INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review Estudio Recapitulativo-Avibacterium paragallinarum, el agente causal de la coriza infecciosa: una revisión exhaustiva |
title |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
spellingShingle |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review El-Gazzar, Mohamed Avibacterium paragallinarum Coriza Serotipos Genomas Genotipado Coryza Serotypes Genomes Genotyping |
title_short |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
title_fullStr |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
title_full_unstemmed |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
title_sort |
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the Causative Agent of Infectious Coryza: A Comprehensive Review |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
El-Gazzar, Mohamed Gallardo, Rodrigo Bragg, Robert Hashish, Amro Hui-ling, Sun Davison, Sherrill Feberwee, Anneke Huberman, Yosef Daniel Skein, H.T. Coertzen, Azil Kelly, Donna Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo Morales-Erasto, Vladimir Da Silva, Ana Meng-Jiao, Guo Ladman, Brian Dijkman, Remco Ghanem, Mostafa |
author |
El-Gazzar, Mohamed |
author_facet |
El-Gazzar, Mohamed Gallardo, Rodrigo Bragg, Robert Hashish, Amro Hui-ling, Sun Davison, Sherrill Feberwee, Anneke Huberman, Yosef Daniel Skein, H.T. Coertzen, Azil Kelly, Donna Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo Morales-Erasto, Vladimir Da Silva, Ana Meng-Jiao, Guo Ladman, Brian Dijkman, Remco Ghanem, Mostafa |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Gallardo, Rodrigo Bragg, Robert Hashish, Amro Hui-ling, Sun Davison, Sherrill Feberwee, Anneke Huberman, Yosef Daniel Skein, H.T. Coertzen, Azil Kelly, Donna Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo Morales-Erasto, Vladimir Da Silva, Ana Meng-Jiao, Guo Ladman, Brian Dijkman, Remco Ghanem, Mostafa |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Avibacterium paragallinarum Coriza Serotipos Genomas Genotipado Coryza Serotypes Genomes Genotyping |
topic |
Avibacterium paragallinarum Coriza Serotipos Genomas Genotipado Coryza Serotypes Genomes Genotyping |
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Infectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) has risen in importance as a poultry disease over the past several years because of its increased incidence in commercial poultry in both Europe and the United States. Because of this rise in importance, more attention has been focused on diagnosis, isolation, and surveillance of this bacterial pathogen. As a result, new knowledge has been produced and published. This review was compiled with the main purpose of summarizing and presenting the updated knowledge available about AP. However, the new knowledge can only be understood in the context of previously known facts about the disease. Therefore, this review has been organized in two major parts. The first part is a review of the established knowledge about AP, followed by recent updates. In the first part, we summarize the established well-known as well as some of the less-known facts and literature about AP. The second section focuses on specifics of the latest IC outbreaks in commercial poultry in northern latitudes, particularly in Europe and in North America. Additionally, we reviewed the current geographical distribution of the disease in Asia, South America, and Africa. The crises created by emerging or re-emerging disease outbreaks ignite interest in understanding the disease and pathogen in order to combat it properly. This results in new knowledge that improves the understanding of the disease features, leading to improved disease prevention, control, and eradication. Although knowledge about AP has advanced, knowledge gaps about the disease still persist. Therefore, this review concludes with summarizing the current knowledge gaps as well as potential areas for future research. La coriza infecciosa (CI) causada por Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) ha cobrado importancia como enfermedad de la avicultura en los últimos años debido a su mayor incidencia en avicultura comercial tanto en Europa como en los Estados Unidos. Debido a este aumento de importancia, se ha prestado más atención al diagnóstico, aislamiento y vigilancia de este patógeno bacteriano. Como resultado, se han producido y publicado nuevos conocimientos. Esta revisión se compiló con el objetivo principal de resumir y presentar el conocimiento actualizado disponible sobre la A. paragallinarum. Sin embargo, el nuevo conocimiento solo se puede entender en el contexto de los hechos previamente conocidos sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión se ha organizado en dos partes principales. La primera parte es una revisión del conocimiento establecido sobre A. paragallinarum, seguida de actualizaciones recientes. En la primera parte, resumimos los hechos y la literatura establecidos y bien conocidos, así como algunos de los menos conocidos sobre A. paragallinarum. La segunda sección se centra en los detalles de los últimos brotes de cistitis intersticial en aves de corral comerciales en latitudes septentrionales, en particular en Europa y América del Norte. Además, se analizó la distribución geográfica actual de la enfermedad en Asia, América del Sur y Africa. Las crisis creadas por brotes de enfermedades emergentes o reemergentes despiertan el interés por comprender la enfermedad y el patógeno para combatirla adecuadamente. Esto da como resultado nuevos conocimientos que mejoran la comprensión de las características de la enfermedad, lo que conduce a una mejor prevención, control y erradicación de la enfermedad. Aunque el conocimiento sobre la cistitis intersticial ha avanzado, aún persisten lagunas de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, esta revisión concluye con un resumen de las lagunas de conocimiento actuales, así como de las posibles áreas para futuras investigaciones. EEA Balcarce Fil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: El-Gazzar, Mohamed. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Gallardo, Rodrigo. University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Bragg, Robert. Agriculture Research Center; Egipto Fil: Hashish, Amro. Iowa State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Hashish, Amro. Agriculture Research Center; Egipto Fil: Hui-ling, Sun. Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; China Fil: Davison, Sherrill. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Feberwee, Anneke. Royal GD; Países bajos Fil: Huberman, Yosef. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Skein, H T. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; Sudáfrica Fil: Coertzen, Azil. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein; Sudáfrica Fil: Kelly, Donna. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos Fil: Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo. Autonomous University of the State of México. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; México Fil: Morales-Erasto, Vladimir. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; México Fil: Da Silva, Ana. University of the Free State. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Sudáfrica Fil: Meng-Jiao, Guo. Yangzhou University. College of Veterinary Medicine; China Fil: Ladman, Brian. University of Delaware. Avian Biosciences Center; Estados Unidos Fil: Dijkman, Remco. Royal GD; Países bajos Fil: Ghanem, Mostafa. University of Maryland. Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Estados Unidos |
description |
Infectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP) has risen in importance as a poultry disease over the past several years because of its increased incidence in commercial poultry in both Europe and the United States. Because of this rise in importance, more attention has been focused on diagnosis, isolation, and surveillance of this bacterial pathogen. As a result, new knowledge has been produced and published. This review was compiled with the main purpose of summarizing and presenting the updated knowledge available about AP. However, the new knowledge can only be understood in the context of previously known facts about the disease. Therefore, this review has been organized in two major parts. The first part is a review of the established knowledge about AP, followed by recent updates. In the first part, we summarize the established well-known as well as some of the less-known facts and literature about AP. The second section focuses on specifics of the latest IC outbreaks in commercial poultry in northern latitudes, particularly in Europe and in North America. Additionally, we reviewed the current geographical distribution of the disease in Asia, South America, and Africa. The crises created by emerging or re-emerging disease outbreaks ignite interest in understanding the disease and pathogen in order to combat it properly. This results in new knowledge that improves the understanding of the disease features, leading to improved disease prevention, control, and eradication. Although knowledge about AP has advanced, knowledge gaps about the disease still persist. Therefore, this review concludes with summarizing the current knowledge gaps as well as potential areas for future research. |
publishDate |
2025 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-08-19T10:04:04Z 2025-08-19T10:04:04Z 2025-03 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo |
format |
article |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23461 https://bioone.org/journals/avian-diseases/volume-68/issue-S1/aviandiseases-D-24-00105/Avibacterium-paragallinarum-the-Causative-Agent-of-Infectious-Coryza--A/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105.full 1938-4351 (online) 0005-2086 (print) https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/23461 https://bioone.org/journals/avian-diseases/volume-68/issue-S1/aviandiseases-D-24-00105/Avibacterium-paragallinarum-the-Causative-Agent-of-Infectious-Coryza--A/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105.full https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-24-00105 |
identifier_str_mv |
1938-4351 (online) 0005-2086 (print) |
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
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openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
American Association of Avian Pathologists |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
American Association of Avian Pathologists |
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Avian Diseases 68 (S1) : 362-379 (March 2025) reponame:INTA Digital (INTA) instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
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INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
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tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar |
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