The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies
- Autores
- Aleksic, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.; Babic, A.; Bangale, P.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Becerra Gonzalez, J.; Bednarek, W.; Berger, K.; Bernardini, E.; Bijand, A.; Blanch, O.; Bock, R. K.; Bonnefoy, S.; Bonnoli, G.; Borracci, F.; Bretz, T.; Carmona, E.; Carosi, A.; Carreto Fidalgo, D.; Colin, P.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; Pichel, Ana Carolina; Rovero, Adrian Carlos; The Magic Collaboration; The Veritas Collaboration
- Año de publicación
- 2015
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Aims: We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods: We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results: Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions: The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.
Fil: Aleksic, J.. IFAE; España
Fil: Ansoldi, S.. Università di Udine; Italia
Fil: Antonelli, L. A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia
Fil: Antoranz, P.. Università di Siena; Italia
Fil: Babic, A.. University of Rijeka; Croacia
Fil: Bangale, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania
Fil: Barres de Almeida, U.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania
Fil: Barrio, J. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; España
Fil: Becerra Gonzalez, J.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Bednarek, W.. University of Lodz; Polonia
Fil: Berger, K.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Bernardini, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Alemania
Fil: Bijand, A.. ETH Zurich; Suiza
Fil: Blanch, O.. IFAE; España
Fil: Bock, R. K.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania
Fil: Bonnefoy, S.. Universidad Complutense; España
Fil: Bonnoli, G.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia
Fil: Borracci, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania
Fil: Bretz, T.. Universität Würzburg,; Alemania
Fil: Carmona, E.. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas; España
Fil: Carosi, A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; España
Fil: Carreto Fidalgo, D.. Universität Würzburg; Alemania
Fil: Colin, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania
Fil: Colombo, E.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Contreras, J. L.. Universidad Complutense; España
Fil: Cortina, J.. IFAE; España
Fil: Covino, S.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia
Fil: Pichel, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina
Fil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina
Fil: The Magic Collaboration.
Fil: The Veritas Collaboration. - Materia
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421
- Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/
- Repositorio
.jpg)
- Institución
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- OAI Identificador
- oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/18075
Ver los metadatos del registro completo
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The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studiesAleksic, J.Ansoldi, S.Antonelli, L. A.Antoranz, P.Babic, A.Bangale, P.Barres de Almeida, U.Barrio, J. A.Becerra Gonzalez, J.Bednarek, W.Berger, K.Bernardini, E.Bijand, A.Blanch, O.Bock, R. K.Bonnefoy, S.Bonnoli, G.Borracci, F.Bretz, T.Carmona, E.Carosi, A.Carreto Fidalgo, D.Colin, P.Colombo, E.Contreras, J. L.Cortina, J.Covino, S.Pichel, Ana CarolinaRovero, Adrian CarlosThe Magic CollaborationThe Veritas CollaborationBL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Aims: We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods: We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results: Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions: The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.Fil: Aleksic, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Ansoldi, S.. Università di Udine; ItaliaFil: Antonelli, L. A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Antoranz, P.. Università di Siena; ItaliaFil: Babic, A.. University of Rijeka; CroaciaFil: Bangale, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barres de Almeida, U.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barrio, J. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Becerra Gonzalez, J.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Bednarek, W.. University of Lodz; PoloniaFil: Berger, K.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Bernardini, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); AlemaniaFil: Bijand, A.. ETH Zurich; SuizaFil: Blanch, O.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Bock, R. K.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Bonnefoy, S.. Universidad Complutense; EspañaFil: Bonnoli, G.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Borracci, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Bretz, T.. Universität Würzburg,; AlemaniaFil: Carmona, E.. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas; EspañaFil: Carosi, A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; EspañaFil: Carreto Fidalgo, D.. Universität Würzburg; AlemaniaFil: Colin, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Colombo, E.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Contreras, J. L.. Universidad Complutense; EspañaFil: Cortina, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Covino, S.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Pichel, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: The Magic Collaboration.Fil: The Veritas Collaboration.Edp Sciences2015-04info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/18075Aleksic, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.; Babic, A.; et al.; The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies; Edp Sciences; Astronomy And Astrophysics; 576; 4-2015; A126,1-180004-6361enginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1051/0004-6361/201424216info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2015/04/aa24216-14/aa24216-14.htmlinfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02650info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-03T09:55:55Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/18075instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-03 09:55:56.382CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| title |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| spellingShingle |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies Aleksic, J. BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 |
| title_short |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| title_full |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| title_fullStr |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| title_sort |
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Aleksic, J. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L. A. Antoranz, P. Babic, A. Bangale, P. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J. A. Becerra Gonzalez, J. Bednarek, W. Berger, K. Bernardini, E. Bijand, A. Blanch, O. Bock, R. K. Bonnefoy, S. Bonnoli, G. Borracci, F. Bretz, T. Carmona, E. Carosi, A. Carreto Fidalgo, D. Colin, P. Colombo, E. Contreras, J. L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. Pichel, Ana Carolina Rovero, Adrian Carlos The Magic Collaboration The Veritas Collaboration |
| author |
Aleksic, J. |
| author_facet |
Aleksic, J. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L. A. Antoranz, P. Babic, A. Bangale, P. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J. A. Becerra Gonzalez, J. Bednarek, W. Berger, K. Bernardini, E. Bijand, A. Blanch, O. Bock, R. K. Bonnefoy, S. Bonnoli, G. Borracci, F. Bretz, T. Carmona, E. Carosi, A. Carreto Fidalgo, D. Colin, P. Colombo, E. Contreras, J. L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. Pichel, Ana Carolina Rovero, Adrian Carlos The Magic Collaboration The Veritas Collaboration |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L. A. Antoranz, P. Babic, A. Bangale, P. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J. A. Becerra Gonzalez, J. Bednarek, W. Berger, K. Bernardini, E. Bijand, A. Blanch, O. Bock, R. K. Bonnefoy, S. Bonnoli, G. Borracci, F. Bretz, T. Carmona, E. Carosi, A. Carreto Fidalgo, D. Colin, P. Colombo, E. Contreras, J. L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. Pichel, Ana Carolina Rovero, Adrian Carlos The Magic Collaboration The Veritas Collaboration |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 |
| topic |
BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 |
| purl_subject.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1 |
| dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Aims: We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods: We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results: Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions: The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies. Fil: Aleksic, J.. IFAE; España Fil: Ansoldi, S.. Università di Udine; Italia Fil: Antonelli, L. A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia Fil: Antoranz, P.. Università di Siena; Italia Fil: Babic, A.. University of Rijeka; Croacia Fil: Bangale, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania Fil: Barres de Almeida, U.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania Fil: Barrio, J. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; España Fil: Becerra Gonzalez, J.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España Fil: Bednarek, W.. University of Lodz; Polonia Fil: Berger, K.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España Fil: Bernardini, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Alemania Fil: Bijand, A.. ETH Zurich; Suiza Fil: Blanch, O.. IFAE; España Fil: Bock, R. K.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania Fil: Bonnefoy, S.. Universidad Complutense; España Fil: Bonnoli, G.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia Fil: Borracci, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania Fil: Bretz, T.. Universität Würzburg,; Alemania Fil: Carmona, E.. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas; España Fil: Carosi, A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; España Fil: Carreto Fidalgo, D.. Universität Würzburg; Alemania Fil: Colin, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; Alemania Fil: Colombo, E.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; España Fil: Contreras, J. L.. Universidad Complutense; España Fil: Cortina, J.. IFAE; España Fil: Covino, S.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; Italia Fil: Pichel, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina Fil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina Fil: The Magic Collaboration. Fil: The Veritas Collaboration. |
| description |
Aims: We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods: We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results: Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions: The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies. |
| publishDate |
2015 |
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2015-04 |
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article |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11336/18075 Aleksic, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.; Babic, A.; et al.; The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies; Edp Sciences; Astronomy And Astrophysics; 576; 4-2015; A126,1-18 0004-6361 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11336/18075 |
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Aleksic, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Antoranz, P.; Babic, A.; et al.; The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies; Edp Sciences; Astronomy And Astrophysics; 576; 4-2015; A126,1-18 0004-6361 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Edp Sciences |
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