European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology

Autores
Varela, Antonia M.; Vázquez Ramió, Héctor; Vernin, Jean; Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana; Sarazin, Marc; Trinquet, Hervé; Delgado, José Miguel; Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús; Reyes, Marcos; Benhida, Abdelmajid; Benkhaldoun, Zouhair; Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo; Hach, Youssef; Lazrek, Mohamed; Lombardi, Gianluca; Navarrete, Julio; Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio; Renzi, Victor Alberto; Sabil, Mohammed; Vrech, Ruben Hector
Año de publicación
2014
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Both meteorology and optical conditions are crucial for selecting the best site to host extremely large telescopes such as the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and the European project (E-ELT). For the E-ELT, a year-long meteorological campaign was performed at our two reference sites, the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) and Cerro Ventarrones (very close to the VLT site at Paranal), and at other sites also considered as alternatives to the reference sites: Aklim, Macón, and Izaña (Observatorio del Teide; OT). In this article, we present a statistical analysis of the ground meteorological properties recorded at these sites, making use of automatic weather stations (AWSs) equipped with standard meteorological sensors providing the air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction, using standard procedures across all sites. Meteorology offers but one discriminant in the complicated question of where to site such a major facility as the E-ELT (other factors being seeing, local geology, the economics of the logistics, etc.), both for determining the feasibility of telescope and instrumentation design and construction and for determining the useful observing time. However, the final decision of where to locate a major telescope depends in part on all these—and other—considerations and not on any one criterion alone. In summary, for 90% of the nighttime, the wind speed is lower than 18 m s 1, the telescope operational limit at all the sites except Macón. For this reason, Macón was discarded in the final site selection as, for 25% of the time, the wind speed is greater than 17 m s 1. The smallest nighttime temperature gradient is at ORM, whereas the lowest mean relative humidity value is reached at the Ventarrones site. Izaña was discarded in the site selection study from the very beginning due to lack of funding to install further site-testing equipement (e.g., MultiAperture Scintillation Sensor-Differential Image Motion Monitor (MASS-DIMM)). We investigate the statistical distributions of annual and monthly meteorological conditions for day and night separately. This is the third paper in a series discussing the E-ELT FP6 site characterization project.
Fil: Varela, Antonia M.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Vázquez Ramió, Héctor. Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón; España
Fil: Vernin, Jean. Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur; Francia
Fil: Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Sarazin, Marc. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Trinquet, Hervé. Direction Générale de l'Armement; Francia
Fil: Delgado, José Miguel. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Reyes, Marcos. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Benhida, Abdelmajid. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Benkhaldoun, Zouhair. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Hach, Youssef. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Lazrek, Mohamed. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Lombardi, Gianluca. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Navarrete, Julio. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Renzi, Victor Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Sabil, Mohammed. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Vrech, Ruben Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Materia
EXTREMELY
TELESCOPE
CHARACTERIZATION
METEOROLOGY
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/250909

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spelling European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground MeteorologyVarela, Antonia M.Vázquez Ramió, HéctorVernin, JeanMuñoz Tuñon, CasianaSarazin, MarcTrinquet, HervéDelgado, José MiguelJiménez Fuensalida, JesúsReyes, MarcosBenhida, AbdelmajidBenkhaldoun, ZouhairGarcia Lambas, Diego RodolfoHach, YoussefLazrek, MohamedLombardi, GianlucaNavarrete, JulioRecabarren, Pablo Genaro AntonioRenzi, Victor AlbertoSabil, MohammedVrech, Ruben HectorEXTREMELYTELESCOPECHARACTERIZATIONMETEOROLOGYhttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Both meteorology and optical conditions are crucial for selecting the best site to host extremely large telescopes such as the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and the European project (E-ELT). For the E-ELT, a year-long meteorological campaign was performed at our two reference sites, the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) and Cerro Ventarrones (very close to the VLT site at Paranal), and at other sites also considered as alternatives to the reference sites: Aklim, Macón, and Izaña (Observatorio del Teide; OT). In this article, we present a statistical analysis of the ground meteorological properties recorded at these sites, making use of automatic weather stations (AWSs) equipped with standard meteorological sensors providing the air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction, using standard procedures across all sites. Meteorology offers but one discriminant in the complicated question of where to site such a major facility as the E-ELT (other factors being seeing, local geology, the economics of the logistics, etc.), both for determining the feasibility of telescope and instrumentation design and construction and for determining the useful observing time. However, the final decision of where to locate a major telescope depends in part on all these—and other—considerations and not on any one criterion alone. In summary, for 90% of the nighttime, the wind speed is lower than 18 m s 1, the telescope operational limit at all the sites except Macón. For this reason, Macón was discarded in the final site selection as, for 25% of the time, the wind speed is greater than 17 m s 1. The smallest nighttime temperature gradient is at ORM, whereas the lowest mean relative humidity value is reached at the Ventarrones site. Izaña was discarded in the site selection study from the very beginning due to lack of funding to install further site-testing equipement (e.g., MultiAperture Scintillation Sensor-Differential Image Motion Monitor (MASS-DIMM)). We investigate the statistical distributions of annual and monthly meteorological conditions for day and night separately. This is the third paper in a series discussing the E-ELT FP6 site characterization project.Fil: Varela, Antonia M.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Vázquez Ramió, Héctor. Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón; EspañaFil: Vernin, Jean. Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur; FranciaFil: Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Sarazin, Marc. European Southern Observatory; AlemaniaFil: Trinquet, Hervé. Direction Générale de l'Armement; FranciaFil: Delgado, José Miguel. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Reyes, Marcos. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Benhida, Abdelmajid. Université Cadi Ayyad; MarruecosFil: Benkhaldoun, Zouhair. Université Cadi Ayyad; MarruecosFil: Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Hach, Youssef. Université Cadi Ayyad; MarruecosFil: Lazrek, Mohamed. Université Cadi Ayyad; MarruecosFil: Lombardi, Gianluca. European Southern Observatory; AlemaniaFil: Navarrete, Julio. European Southern Observatory; AlemaniaFil: Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Renzi, Victor Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Sabil, Mohammed. Université Cadi Ayyad; MarruecosFil: Vrech, Ruben Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; ArgentinaUniversity of Chicago Press2014-04info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/250909Varela, Antonia M.; Vázquez Ramió, Héctor; Vernin, Jean; Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana; Sarazin, Marc; et al.; European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology; University of Chicago Press; Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; 126; 938; 4-2014; 412-4310004-6280CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/676135info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1086/676135info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-29T09:39:02Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/250909instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-29 09:39:02.461CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
title European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
spellingShingle European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
Varela, Antonia M.
EXTREMELY
TELESCOPE
CHARACTERIZATION
METEOROLOGY
title_short European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
title_full European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
title_fullStr European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
title_full_unstemmed European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
title_sort European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Varela, Antonia M.
Vázquez Ramió, Héctor
Vernin, Jean
Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana
Sarazin, Marc
Trinquet, Hervé
Delgado, José Miguel
Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús
Reyes, Marcos
Benhida, Abdelmajid
Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo
Hach, Youssef
Lazrek, Mohamed
Lombardi, Gianluca
Navarrete, Julio
Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio
Renzi, Victor Alberto
Sabil, Mohammed
Vrech, Ruben Hector
author Varela, Antonia M.
author_facet Varela, Antonia M.
Vázquez Ramió, Héctor
Vernin, Jean
Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana
Sarazin, Marc
Trinquet, Hervé
Delgado, José Miguel
Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús
Reyes, Marcos
Benhida, Abdelmajid
Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo
Hach, Youssef
Lazrek, Mohamed
Lombardi, Gianluca
Navarrete, Julio
Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio
Renzi, Victor Alberto
Sabil, Mohammed
Vrech, Ruben Hector
author_role author
author2 Vázquez Ramió, Héctor
Vernin, Jean
Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana
Sarazin, Marc
Trinquet, Hervé
Delgado, José Miguel
Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús
Reyes, Marcos
Benhida, Abdelmajid
Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo
Hach, Youssef
Lazrek, Mohamed
Lombardi, Gianluca
Navarrete, Julio
Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio
Renzi, Victor Alberto
Sabil, Mohammed
Vrech, Ruben Hector
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv EXTREMELY
TELESCOPE
CHARACTERIZATION
METEOROLOGY
topic EXTREMELY
TELESCOPE
CHARACTERIZATION
METEOROLOGY
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Both meteorology and optical conditions are crucial for selecting the best site to host extremely large telescopes such as the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and the European project (E-ELT). For the E-ELT, a year-long meteorological campaign was performed at our two reference sites, the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) and Cerro Ventarrones (very close to the VLT site at Paranal), and at other sites also considered as alternatives to the reference sites: Aklim, Macón, and Izaña (Observatorio del Teide; OT). In this article, we present a statistical analysis of the ground meteorological properties recorded at these sites, making use of automatic weather stations (AWSs) equipped with standard meteorological sensors providing the air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction, using standard procedures across all sites. Meteorology offers but one discriminant in the complicated question of where to site such a major facility as the E-ELT (other factors being seeing, local geology, the economics of the logistics, etc.), both for determining the feasibility of telescope and instrumentation design and construction and for determining the useful observing time. However, the final decision of where to locate a major telescope depends in part on all these—and other—considerations and not on any one criterion alone. In summary, for 90% of the nighttime, the wind speed is lower than 18 m s 1, the telescope operational limit at all the sites except Macón. For this reason, Macón was discarded in the final site selection as, for 25% of the time, the wind speed is greater than 17 m s 1. The smallest nighttime temperature gradient is at ORM, whereas the lowest mean relative humidity value is reached at the Ventarrones site. Izaña was discarded in the site selection study from the very beginning due to lack of funding to install further site-testing equipement (e.g., MultiAperture Scintillation Sensor-Differential Image Motion Monitor (MASS-DIMM)). We investigate the statistical distributions of annual and monthly meteorological conditions for day and night separately. This is the third paper in a series discussing the E-ELT FP6 site characterization project.
Fil: Varela, Antonia M.. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Vázquez Ramió, Héctor. Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón; España
Fil: Vernin, Jean. Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur; Francia
Fil: Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Sarazin, Marc. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Trinquet, Hervé. Direction Générale de l'Armement; Francia
Fil: Delgado, José Miguel. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Jiménez Fuensalida, Jesús. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Reyes, Marcos. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; España
Fil: Benhida, Abdelmajid. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Benkhaldoun, Zouhair. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Garcia Lambas, Diego Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Hach, Youssef. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Lazrek, Mohamed. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Lombardi, Gianluca. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Navarrete, Julio. European Southern Observatory; Alemania
Fil: Recabarren, Pablo Genaro Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Renzi, Victor Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
Fil: Sabil, Mohammed. Université Cadi Ayyad; Marruecos
Fil: Vrech, Ruben Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental; Argentina
description Both meteorology and optical conditions are crucial for selecting the best site to host extremely large telescopes such as the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) and the European project (E-ELT). For the E-ELT, a year-long meteorological campaign was performed at our two reference sites, the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) and Cerro Ventarrones (very close to the VLT site at Paranal), and at other sites also considered as alternatives to the reference sites: Aklim, Macón, and Izaña (Observatorio del Teide; OT). In this article, we present a statistical analysis of the ground meteorological properties recorded at these sites, making use of automatic weather stations (AWSs) equipped with standard meteorological sensors providing the air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction, using standard procedures across all sites. Meteorology offers but one discriminant in the complicated question of where to site such a major facility as the E-ELT (other factors being seeing, local geology, the economics of the logistics, etc.), both for determining the feasibility of telescope and instrumentation design and construction and for determining the useful observing time. However, the final decision of where to locate a major telescope depends in part on all these—and other—considerations and not on any one criterion alone. In summary, for 90% of the nighttime, the wind speed is lower than 18 m s 1, the telescope operational limit at all the sites except Macón. For this reason, Macón was discarded in the final site selection as, for 25% of the time, the wind speed is greater than 17 m s 1. The smallest nighttime temperature gradient is at ORM, whereas the lowest mean relative humidity value is reached at the Ventarrones site. Izaña was discarded in the site selection study from the very beginning due to lack of funding to install further site-testing equipement (e.g., MultiAperture Scintillation Sensor-Differential Image Motion Monitor (MASS-DIMM)). We investigate the statistical distributions of annual and monthly meteorological conditions for day and night separately. This is the third paper in a series discussing the E-ELT FP6 site characterization project.
publishDate 2014
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2014-04
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/250909
Varela, Antonia M.; Vázquez Ramió, Héctor; Vernin, Jean; Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana; Sarazin, Marc; et al.; European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology; University of Chicago Press; Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; 126; 938; 4-2014; 412-431
0004-6280
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/250909
identifier_str_mv Varela, Antonia M.; Vázquez Ramió, Héctor; Vernin, Jean; Muñoz Tuñon, Casiana; Sarazin, Marc; et al.; European Extremely Large Telescope Site Characterization III: Ground Meteorology; University of Chicago Press; Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; 126; 938; 4-2014; 412-431
0004-6280
CONICET Digital
CONICET
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/676135
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1086/676135
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
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application/pdf
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv University of Chicago Press
publisher.none.fl_str_mv University of Chicago Press
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reponame_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
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instname_str Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.name.fl_str_mv CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.mail.fl_str_mv dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar
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