Stratospheric Injection of Brominated Very Short-Lived Substances: Aircraft Observations in the Western Pacific and Representation in Global Models

• Autores: Wales, Pamela A.; Salawitch, Ross J.; Nicely, Julie M.; Anderson, Daniel C.; Canty, Timothy P.; Baidar, Sunil; Dix, Barbara; Koenig, Theodore K.; Volkamer, Rainer; Chen, Dexian; Huey, L. Gregory; Tanner, David J.; Cuevas, Carlos Alberto; Fernandez, Rafael Pedro; Kinnison, Douglas E.; Lamarque, Jean Francois; Saiz López, Alfonso; Atlas, Elliot L.; Hall, Samuel R.; Navarro, Maria A.; Pan, Laura L.; Schauffler, Sue M.; Stell, Meghan; Tilmes, Simone; Ullmann, Kirk; Weinheimer, Andrew J.; Akiyoshi, Hideharu; Chipperfield, Martyn P.; Deushi, Makoto; Dhomse, Sandip S.; Feng, Wuhu; Graf, Phoebe; Hossaini, Ryan; Jöckel, Patrick; Mancini, Eva Elisabet; Michou, Martine; Morgenstern, Olaf; Oman, Luke D.; Pitari, Giovanni; Plummer, David A.; Revell, Laura E.; Rozanov, Eugene; Saint Martin, David; Schofield, Robyn; Stenke, Andrea; Stone, Kane A.; Visioni, Daniele; Yamashita, Yousuke; Zeng, Guang
• Año de publicación: 2018
• Idioma: inglés
• Tipo de recurso: artículo
• Materia: BROMINE; CCMI; CONTRAST; VSLS
• Institución: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

We quantify the stratospheric injection of brominated very short-lived substances (VSLS) based on aircraft observations acquired in winter 2014 above the Tropical Western Pacific during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) and the Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX) campaigns. The overall contribution of VSLS to stratospheric bromine was determined to be 5.0 ± 2.1 ppt, in agreement with the 5 ± 3 ppt estimate provided in the 2014 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Ozone Assessment report (WMO 2014), but with lower uncertainty. Measurements of organic bromine compounds, including VSLS, were analyzed using CFC-11 as a reference stratospheric tracer. From this analysis, 2.9 ± 0.6 ppt of bromine enters the stratosphere via organic source gas injection of VSLS. This value is two times the mean bromine content of VSLS measured at the tropical tropopause, for regions outside of the Tropical Western Pacific, summarized in WMO 2014. A photochemical box model, constrained to CONTRAST observations, was used to estimate inorganic bromine from measurements of BrO collected by two instruments. The analysis indicates that 2.1 ± 2.1 ppt of bromine enters the stratosphere via inorganic product gas injection. We also examine the representation of brominated VSLS within 14 global models that participated in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative. The representation of stratospheric bromine in these models generally lies within the range of our empirical estimate. Models that include explicit representations of VSLS compare better with bromine observations in the lower stratosphere than models that utilize longer-lived chemicals as a surrogate for VSLS.
Fil: Wales, Pamela A.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos
Fil: Salawitch, Ross J.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos
Fil: Nicely, Julie M.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos
Fil: Anderson, Daniel C.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos. Drexel University; Estados Unidos
Fil: Canty, Timothy P.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos
Fil: Baidar, Sunil. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos
Fil: Dix, Barbara. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos
Fil: Koenig, Theodore K.. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos
Fil: Volkamer, Rainer. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos
Fil: Chen, Dexian. Georgia Institute of Techology; Estados Unidos. Instituto Tecnológico de Georgia; Estados Unidos
Fil: Huey, L. Gregory. Georgia Institute of Techology; Estados Unidos. Instituto Tecnológico de Georgia; Estados Unidos
Fil: Tanner, David J.. Instituto Tecnológico de Georgia; Estados Unidos. Georgia Institute of Techology; Estados Unidos
Fil: Cuevas, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Química Física; España
Fil: Fernandez, Rafael Pedro. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Química Física; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina
Fil: Kinnison, Douglas E.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Lamarque, Jean Francois. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Saiz López, Alfonso. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Química Física; España
Fil: Atlas, Elliot L.. Rosenstiel School Of Marine And Atmospheric Science; Estados Unidos
Fil: Hall, Samuel R.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Navarro, Maria A.. Rosenstiel School Of Marine And Atmospheric Science; Estados Unidos
Fil: Pan, Laura L.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Schauffler, Sue M.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Stell, Meghan. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos. California State University; Estados Unidos
Fil: Tilmes, Simone. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Ullmann, Kirk. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Weinheimer, Andrew J.. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos
Fil: Akiyoshi, Hideharu. No especifíca;
Fil: Chipperfield, Martyn P.. University of Leeds; Reino Unido
Fil: Deushi, Makoto. Meteorological Research Institute; Japón
Fil: Dhomse, Sandip S.. University of Leeds; Reino Unido
Fil: Feng, Wuhu. University of Leeds; Reino Unido
Fil: Graf, Phoebe. No especifíca;
Fil: Hossaini, Ryan. Lancaster University; Reino Unido
Fil: Jöckel, Patrick. No especifíca;
Fil: Mancini, Eva Elisabet. Universita degli Studi dell'Aquila; Italia
Fil: Michou, Martine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia
Fil: Morgenstern, Olaf. National Institute Of Water And Atmospheric Research; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Oman, Luke D.. Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center; Estados Unidos
Fil: Pitari, Giovanni. Universita degli Studi dell'Aquila; Italia
Fil: Plummer, David A.. Environment Canada; Canadá
Fil: Revell, Laura E.. No especifíca;
Fil: Rozanov, Eugene. No especifíca;
Fil: Saint Martin, David. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia
Fil: Schofield, Robyn. University of Melbourne; Australia
Fil: Stenke, Andrea. No especifíca;
Fil: Stone, Kane A.. University of Melbourne; Australia. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos
Fil: Visioni, Daniele. Universita degli Studi dell'Aquila; Italia
Fil: Yamashita, Yousuke. Japan Agency For Marine-earth Science And Technology; Japón. National Institute For Environmental Studies Of Japan; Japón
Fil: Zeng, Guang. National Institute Of Water And Atmospheric Research; Nueva Zelanda