Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing
- Autores
- Cantón, Candela; Maté, María Laura; Redman, Elizabeth; Ballent, Mariana; Dominguez, Maria Paula; Moriones, Lucila; Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo; Alvarez, Luis Ignacio; Gilleard, John; Liron, Juan Pedro
- Año de publicación
- 2025
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- documento de conferencia
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection represents one of the most significant health challenges in ruminants and are the primary cause of economic losses in livestock production systems worldwide. Their control relies almost exclusively on the use of synthetic antiparasitic compounds. Inappropriate use has led to therapeutic failures associated with the development of resistant nematode parasites. The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the development of molecular-based techniques for resistance diagnosis. This study describes the first molecular identification of GIN parasitizing cattle across 6 commercial farms located in Argentina, using the ITS-2 gene metabarcoding. Additionally, the fecal egg count reduction test and sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene were used to assess benzimidazole (BZD) resistance under different anthelmintic treatment regimens (BZD alone or BZD+macrocyclic lactones). Seven GIN species were identified: H. placei (64.1%), C. punctata (26.6%), O. radiatum (3.6%) O. ostertagi (3.5%), H. contortus (1.1%), C. oncophora (0.9%) and T. axei (0.2%). Among the 21 anthelmintic treatments applied across six farms, two farms exhibited overall efficacies above 95% for all treatments, while four farms displayed efficacies below 95% for either BZD alone or combined treatments. While Cooperia punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi were the main species resistant to BZD, Haemonchus placei was found to be BZD-susceptible on all the farms. BZD resistance associated SNPs in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene were present in both C. puntacta and O. ostertagi, being the F200Y allele recovered with the highest frecuency. Finally, BZD resistance associated SNPs were found at low frequencies even when the in vivo FECR was >95% on the field, demonstrating the potential of β-tubulin amplicon sequencing to screen for the early emergence of resistance mutations. Monitoring the prevalence and distribution of tubulin gene polymorphisms is crucial for tracking the emergence and spread of BZD resistance, which is now being used for the first time (as a model) in the large extension cattle ranches of the Argentina ´s Pampa Húmeda.
Fil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Maté, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Redman, Elizabeth. University of Calgary; Canadá
Fil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Dominguez, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Moriones, Lucila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Alvarez, Luis Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Gilleard, John. University of Calgary; Canadá
Fil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
30th Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology
Curitiba
Brasil
World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology - Materia
-
NEMABIOME
ITS-2
BTUBULIN
BENZIMIDAZOLE - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
- Repositorio
.jpg)
- Institución
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- OAI Identificador
- oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/279425
Ver los metadatos del registro completo
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Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation SequencingCantón, CandelaMaté, María LauraRedman, ElizabethBallent, MarianaDominguez, Maria PaulaMoriones, LucilaLanusse, Carlos EdmundoAlvarez, Luis IgnacioGilleard, JohnLiron, Juan PedroNEMABIOMEITS-2BTUBULINBENZIMIDAZOLEhttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection represents one of the most significant health challenges in ruminants and are the primary cause of economic losses in livestock production systems worldwide. Their control relies almost exclusively on the use of synthetic antiparasitic compounds. Inappropriate use has led to therapeutic failures associated with the development of resistant nematode parasites. The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the development of molecular-based techniques for resistance diagnosis. This study describes the first molecular identification of GIN parasitizing cattle across 6 commercial farms located in Argentina, using the ITS-2 gene metabarcoding. Additionally, the fecal egg count reduction test and sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene were used to assess benzimidazole (BZD) resistance under different anthelmintic treatment regimens (BZD alone or BZD+macrocyclic lactones). Seven GIN species were identified: H. placei (64.1%), C. punctata (26.6%), O. radiatum (3.6%) O. ostertagi (3.5%), H. contortus (1.1%), C. oncophora (0.9%) and T. axei (0.2%). Among the 21 anthelmintic treatments applied across six farms, two farms exhibited overall efficacies above 95% for all treatments, while four farms displayed efficacies below 95% for either BZD alone or combined treatments. While Cooperia punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi were the main species resistant to BZD, Haemonchus placei was found to be BZD-susceptible on all the farms. BZD resistance associated SNPs in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene were present in both C. puntacta and O. ostertagi, being the F200Y allele recovered with the highest frecuency. Finally, BZD resistance associated SNPs were found at low frequencies even when the in vivo FECR was >95% on the field, demonstrating the potential of β-tubulin amplicon sequencing to screen for the early emergence of resistance mutations. Monitoring the prevalence and distribution of tubulin gene polymorphisms is crucial for tracking the emergence and spread of BZD resistance, which is now being used for the first time (as a model) in the large extension cattle ranches of the Argentina ´s Pampa Húmeda.Fil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Maté, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Redman, Elizabeth. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Dominguez, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Moriones, Lucila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Luis Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Gilleard, John. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina30th Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary ParasitologyCuritibaBrasilWorld Association for the Advancement of Veterinary ParasitologyWorld Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology2025info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObjectConferenciaBookhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794info:ar-repo/semantics/documentoDeConferenciaapplication/pdfapplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.documentapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/279425Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing; 30th Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology; Curitiba; Brasil; 2025; 107-108CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://waavp2025.com/Internacionalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2026-02-06T12:20:04Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/279425instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982026-02-06 12:20:04.593CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| title |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| spellingShingle |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing Cantón, Candela NEMABIOME ITS-2 BTUBULIN BENZIMIDAZOLE |
| title_short |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| title_full |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| title_fullStr |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| title_sort |
Unraveling benzimidazole resistance in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes through Next- -Generation Sequencing |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Cantón, Candela Maté, María Laura Redman, Elizabeth Ballent, Mariana Dominguez, Maria Paula Moriones, Lucila Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo Alvarez, Luis Ignacio Gilleard, John Liron, Juan Pedro |
| author |
Cantón, Candela |
| author_facet |
Cantón, Candela Maté, María Laura Redman, Elizabeth Ballent, Mariana Dominguez, Maria Paula Moriones, Lucila Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo Alvarez, Luis Ignacio Gilleard, John Liron, Juan Pedro |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Maté, María Laura Redman, Elizabeth Ballent, Mariana Dominguez, Maria Paula Moriones, Lucila Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo Alvarez, Luis Ignacio Gilleard, John Liron, Juan Pedro |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
NEMABIOME ITS-2 BTUBULIN BENZIMIDAZOLE |
| topic |
NEMABIOME ITS-2 BTUBULIN BENZIMIDAZOLE |
| purl_subject.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.3 https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4 |
| dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection represents one of the most significant health challenges in ruminants and are the primary cause of economic losses in livestock production systems worldwide. Their control relies almost exclusively on the use of synthetic antiparasitic compounds. Inappropriate use has led to therapeutic failures associated with the development of resistant nematode parasites. The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the development of molecular-based techniques for resistance diagnosis. This study describes the first molecular identification of GIN parasitizing cattle across 6 commercial farms located in Argentina, using the ITS-2 gene metabarcoding. Additionally, the fecal egg count reduction test and sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene were used to assess benzimidazole (BZD) resistance under different anthelmintic treatment regimens (BZD alone or BZD+macrocyclic lactones). Seven GIN species were identified: H. placei (64.1%), C. punctata (26.6%), O. radiatum (3.6%) O. ostertagi (3.5%), H. contortus (1.1%), C. oncophora (0.9%) and T. axei (0.2%). Among the 21 anthelmintic treatments applied across six farms, two farms exhibited overall efficacies above 95% for all treatments, while four farms displayed efficacies below 95% for either BZD alone or combined treatments. While Cooperia punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi were the main species resistant to BZD, Haemonchus placei was found to be BZD-susceptible on all the farms. BZD resistance associated SNPs in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene were present in both C. puntacta and O. ostertagi, being the F200Y allele recovered with the highest frecuency. Finally, BZD resistance associated SNPs were found at low frequencies even when the in vivo FECR was >95% on the field, demonstrating the potential of β-tubulin amplicon sequencing to screen for the early emergence of resistance mutations. Monitoring the prevalence and distribution of tubulin gene polymorphisms is crucial for tracking the emergence and spread of BZD resistance, which is now being used for the first time (as a model) in the large extension cattle ranches of the Argentina ´s Pampa Húmeda. Fil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Maté, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Redman, Elizabeth. University of Calgary; Canadá Fil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Dominguez, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Moriones, Lucila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Luis Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Gilleard, John. University of Calgary; Canadá Fil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina 30th Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology Curitiba Brasil World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology |
| description |
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection represents one of the most significant health challenges in ruminants and are the primary cause of economic losses in livestock production systems worldwide. Their control relies almost exclusively on the use of synthetic antiparasitic compounds. Inappropriate use has led to therapeutic failures associated with the development of resistant nematode parasites. The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the development of molecular-based techniques for resistance diagnosis. This study describes the first molecular identification of GIN parasitizing cattle across 6 commercial farms located in Argentina, using the ITS-2 gene metabarcoding. Additionally, the fecal egg count reduction test and sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene were used to assess benzimidazole (BZD) resistance under different anthelmintic treatment regimens (BZD alone or BZD+macrocyclic lactones). Seven GIN species were identified: H. placei (64.1%), C. punctata (26.6%), O. radiatum (3.6%) O. ostertagi (3.5%), H. contortus (1.1%), C. oncophora (0.9%) and T. axei (0.2%). Among the 21 anthelmintic treatments applied across six farms, two farms exhibited overall efficacies above 95% for all treatments, while four farms displayed efficacies below 95% for either BZD alone or combined treatments. While Cooperia punctata and Ostertagia ostertagi were the main species resistant to BZD, Haemonchus placei was found to be BZD-susceptible on all the farms. BZD resistance associated SNPs in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene were present in both C. puntacta and O. ostertagi, being the F200Y allele recovered with the highest frecuency. Finally, BZD resistance associated SNPs were found at low frequencies even when the in vivo FECR was >95% on the field, demonstrating the potential of β-tubulin amplicon sequencing to screen for the early emergence of resistance mutations. Monitoring the prevalence and distribution of tubulin gene polymorphisms is crucial for tracking the emergence and spread of BZD resistance, which is now being used for the first time (as a model) in the large extension cattle ranches of the Argentina ´s Pampa Húmeda. |
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