Fertilizer vs. organic matter contributions to nitrogen leaching in cropping systems of the Pampas: 15N application in field lysimeters

• Autores: Portela, Silvina Isabel; Andriulo, Adrian Enrique; Sasal, Maria Carolina; Mary, Bruno; Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel
• Año de publicación: 2006
• Idioma: inglés
• Tipo de recurso: artículo
• Fuente: Plant and Soil 289 : 265–277 (2006)
• Materia: Maize; Soil Organic Matter; Lysimeters; Nitrogen Fertilizers; Leaching; Nitrogen; Zea mays; Maíz; Materia Orgánica del Suelo; Lisimetros; Abonos Nitrogenados; Lixiviación; Nitrógeno; Humid Pampas Region; Región Pampa Húmeda
• Institución: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria

Nitrogen (N) export from soils to streams and groundwater under the intensifying cropping schemes of the Pampas is modest compared to intensively cultivated basins of Europe and North America; however, a slowNenrichment of water resources has been suggested. We (1) analyzed the fate of fertilizer N and (2) evaluated the contribution of fertilizer and soil organic matter (SOM) to N leaching under the typical cropping conditions of the Pampas. Fertilizer N was applied as 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate to corn (in a corn/soybean rotation) sown under zero tillage in filled-in lysimeters containing two soils of different texture representative of the Pampean region (52 and 78 kg N ha-1, added to the silt loam and sandy loam soil, respectively). Total fertilizer recovery at corn harvest averaged 84 and 64% for the silt loam and sandy loam lysimeters, respectively. Most fertilizer N was removed with plant biomass (39%) or remained immobilized in the soil (29 and 15%, for the silt loam and sandy loam soil, respectively) whereas its loss through drainage was negligible (<0.01%).We presume that the unaccounted fertilizer N losses were related to volatilization and denitrification. Throughout the corn growing season, subsequent fallow and soybean crop, which took place during an exceptionally dry period, the fertilizer N immobilized in the organic pool remained stable, and N leaching was scarce (7.5 kg N ha-1), similar at both soils, and had a low contribution of fertilizer N (0–3.5%), implying that >96% of the leached N was derived fromSOMmineralization. The inherent highSOM of Pampean soils and the favorable climatic conditions are likely to propitiate year-round production of nitrate, favoring its participation in crop nutrition and leaching. The presence of 15N in drainage water, however, suggests that fertilizer N leaching could become significant in situations with higher fertilization rates or more rainy seasons.
Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino
Fil: Portela, Silvina Isabel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino; Argentina
Fil: Andriulo, Adrián Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino; Argentina
Fil: Sasal, Maria Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; Argentina
Fil: Mary, Bruno. INRA. Unité d’Agronomie; France
Fil: Jobbágy, Esteban G. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (IMASL). Grupo de Estudio Ambiental; Argentina.
Fil: Jobbágy, Esteban G. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Grupo de Estudio Ambiental; Argentina