Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries

Autores
Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; Choi, Kyungho; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Thatikonda, Shashidhar; Zhu, Yong Guan; Carriquiriborde, Pedro
Año de publicación
2014
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino Unido
Fil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; Suecia
Fil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur
Fil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; Japón
Fil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; India
Fil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China
Fil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina
Materia
Antibiotics
Developing Countries
Ecological Risks
Sewage
Wastewater
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/80543

id CONICETDig_ef6ea51362edd7345544d75336ec9b2e
oai_identifier_str oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/80543
network_acronym_str CONICETDig
repository_id_str 3498
network_name_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
spelling Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countriesKookana, Rai S.Williams, MikeBoxall, Alistair B. A.Larsson, D. G. JoakimGaw, SallyChoi, KyunghoYamamoto, HiroshiThatikonda, ShashidharZhu, Yong GuanCarriquiriborde, PedroAntibioticsDeveloping CountriesEcological RisksSewageWastewaterhttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; AustraliaFil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; AustraliaFil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino UnidoFil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; SueciaFil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva ZelandaFil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del SurFil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; JapónFil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; IndiaFil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; ArgentinaThe Royal Society2014-11info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-160962-8436CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213596/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-03T10:11:58Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/80543instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-03 10:11:58.876CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
spellingShingle Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
Kookana, Rai S.
Antibiotics
Developing Countries
Ecological Risks
Sewage
Wastewater
title_short Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_full Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_fullStr Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_full_unstemmed Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
title_sort Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Kookana, Rai S.
Williams, Mike
Boxall, Alistair B. A.
Larsson, D. G. Joakim
Gaw, Sally
Choi, Kyungho
Yamamoto, Hiroshi
Thatikonda, Shashidhar
Zhu, Yong Guan
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
author Kookana, Rai S.
author_facet Kookana, Rai S.
Williams, Mike
Boxall, Alistair B. A.
Larsson, D. G. Joakim
Gaw, Sally
Choi, Kyungho
Yamamoto, Hiroshi
Thatikonda, Shashidhar
Zhu, Yong Guan
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
author_role author
author2 Williams, Mike
Boxall, Alistair B. A.
Larsson, D. G. Joakim
Gaw, Sally
Choi, Kyungho
Yamamoto, Hiroshi
Thatikonda, Shashidhar
Zhu, Yong Guan
Carriquiriborde, Pedro
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Antibiotics
Developing Countries
Ecological Risks
Sewage
Wastewater
topic Antibiotics
Developing Countries
Ecological Risks
Sewage
Wastewater
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino Unido
Fil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; Suecia
Fil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur
Fil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; Japón
Fil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; India
Fil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China
Fil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina
description Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
publishDate 2014
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2014-11
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543
Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-16
0962-8436
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543
identifier_str_mv Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-16
0962-8436
CONICET Digital
CONICET
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213596/
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv The Royal Society
publisher.none.fl_str_mv The Royal Society
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
reponame_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
collection CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname_str Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.name.fl_str_mv CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.mail.fl_str_mv dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar
_version_ 1842270179881385984
score 13.13397