Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries
- Autores
- Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; Choi, Kyungho; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Thatikonda, Shashidhar; Zhu, Yong Guan; Carriquiriborde, Pedro
- Año de publicación
- 2014
- Idioma
- inglés
- Tipo de recurso
- artículo
- Estado
- versión publicada
- Descripción
- Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.
Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia
Fil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino Unido
Fil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; Suecia
Fil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur
Fil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; Japón
Fil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; India
Fil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China
Fil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina - Materia
-
Antibiotics
Developing Countries
Ecological Risks
Sewage
Wastewater - Nivel de accesibilidad
- acceso abierto
- Condiciones de uso
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
- Repositorio
- Institución
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- OAI Identificador
- oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/80543
Ver los metadatos del registro completo
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Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countriesKookana, Rai S.Williams, MikeBoxall, Alistair B. A.Larsson, D. G. JoakimGaw, SallyChoi, KyunghoYamamoto, HiroshiThatikonda, ShashidharZhu, Yong GuanCarriquiriborde, PedroAntibioticsDeveloping CountriesEcological RisksSewageWastewaterhttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed.Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; AustraliaFil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; AustraliaFil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino UnidoFil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; SueciaFil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva ZelandaFil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del SurFil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; JapónFil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; IndiaFil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; ArgentinaThe Royal Society2014-11info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-160962-8436CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213596/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-03T10:11:58Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/80543instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-03 10:11:58.876CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
title |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
spellingShingle |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries Kookana, Rai S. Antibiotics Developing Countries Ecological Risks Sewage Wastewater |
title_short |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
title_full |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
title_fullStr |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
title_full_unstemmed |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
title_sort |
Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries |
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Kookana, Rai S. Williams, Mike Boxall, Alistair B. A. Larsson, D. G. Joakim Gaw, Sally Choi, Kyungho Yamamoto, Hiroshi Thatikonda, Shashidhar Zhu, Yong Guan Carriquiriborde, Pedro |
author |
Kookana, Rai S. |
author_facet |
Kookana, Rai S. Williams, Mike Boxall, Alistair B. A. Larsson, D. G. Joakim Gaw, Sally Choi, Kyungho Yamamoto, Hiroshi Thatikonda, Shashidhar Zhu, Yong Guan Carriquiriborde, Pedro |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Williams, Mike Boxall, Alistair B. A. Larsson, D. G. Joakim Gaw, Sally Choi, Kyungho Yamamoto, Hiroshi Thatikonda, Shashidhar Zhu, Yong Guan Carriquiriborde, Pedro |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Antibiotics Developing Countries Ecological Risks Sewage Wastewater |
topic |
Antibiotics Developing Countries Ecological Risks Sewage Wastewater |
purl_subject.fl_str_mv |
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1 |
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed. Fil: Kookana, Rai S.. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia Fil: Williams, Mike. CSIRO Exploration and Mining; Australia Fil: Boxall, Alistair B. A.. University of York; Reino Unido Fil: Larsson, D. G. Joakim. University Goteborg; Suecia Fil: Gaw, Sally. University of Canterbury; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Choi, Kyungho. Seoul National University; Corea del Sur Fil: Yamamoto, Hiroshi. University of Tokushima; Japón Fil: Thatikonda, Shashidhar. Indian Institute of Technology; India Fil: Zhu, Yong Guan. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina |
description |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can enter the natural environment during manufacture, use and/or disposal, and consequently public concern about their potential adverse impacts in the environment is growing. Despite the bulk of the human population living in Asia and Africa (mostly in low- or middle-income countries), limited work relating to research, development and regulations on APIs in the environment have so far been conducted in these regions. Also, the API manufacturing sector is gradually shifting to countries with lower production costs. This paper focuses mainly on APIs for human consumption and highlights key differences between the low-, middle- and high-income countries, covering factors such as population and demographics, manufacture, prescriptions, treatment, disposal and reuse of waste and wastewater. The striking differences in populations (both human and animal), urbanization, sewer connectivity and other factors have revealed that the environmental compartments receiving the bulk of API residues differ markedly between low- and high-income countries. High sewer connectivity in developed countries allows capture and treatment of the waste stream (point-source). However, in many low- or middle-income countries, sewerage connectivity is generally low and in some areas waste is collected predominantly in septic systems. Consequently, the diffuse-source impact, such as on groundwater from leaking septic systems or on land due to disposal of raw sewage or septage, may be of greater concern. A screening level assessment of potential burdens of APIs in urban and rural environments of countries representing low- and middle-income as well as high-income has been made. Implications for ecological risks of APIs used by humans in lower income countries are discussed. |
publishDate |
2014 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2014-11 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543 Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-16 0962-8436 CONICET Digital CONICET |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/80543 |
identifier_str_mv |
Kookana, Rai S.; Williams, Mike; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; Larsson, D. G. Joakim; Gaw, Sally; et al.; Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: An examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries; The Royal Society; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences; 369; 1656; 11-2014; 1-16 0962-8436 CONICET Digital CONICET |
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1098/rstb.2013.0586 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213596/ |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/ |
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openAccess |
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The Royal Society |
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The Royal Society |
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CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas |
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