ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters

Autores
Galván Madrid, Roberto; Díaz González, Daniel J.; Motte, Frédérique; Ginsburg, Adam; Cunningham, Nichol; Menten, Karl M.; Armante, Mélanie; Castaingts, Mélisse; Braine, Jonathan; Csengeri, Timea; Dell'Ova, Pierre; Louvet, Fabien; Nony, Thomas; Rivera-Soto, Rudy; Sanhueza, Patricio; Stutz, Amelia M.; Wyrowski, Friedrich; Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.; Baug, Tapas; Bontemps, Sylvain; Bronfman, Leonardo; Fernandez Lopez, Manuel; Gusdorf, Antoine; Koley, Atanu; Liu, Hong Li; Salinas, Javiera; Towner, Allison P. M.; Whitworth, Anthony P.
Año de publicación
2024
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
We use the H41α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H II regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼1045 s‑1 to >1049 s‑1. We used the adjacent He41α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H II region size D. The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18. This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H II regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width ΔV dyn with D and Q 0. ΔV dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H II region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.
Fil: Galván Madrid, Roberto. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Díaz González, Daniel J.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Motte, Frédérique. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Ginsburg, Adam. University of Florida; Estados Unidos
Fil: Cunningham, Nichol. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Menten, Karl M.. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; Alemania
Fil: Armante, Mélanie. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Castaingts, Mélisse. University of Virginia; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Braine, Jonathan. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Csengeri, Timea. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Dell'Ova, Pierre. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Louvet, Fabien. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Nony, Thomas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Rivera-Soto, Rudy. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Sanhueza, Patricio. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Japón
Fil: Stutz, Amelia M.. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Wyrowski, Friedrich. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; Alemania
Fil: Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Baug, Tapas. S.N. Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences; India
Fil: Bontemps, Sylvain. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Bronfman, Leonardo. Universidad de Chile; Chile
Fil: Fernandez Lopez, Manuel. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; Argentina
Fil: Gusdorf, Antoine. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Koley, Atanu. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Liu, Hong Li. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Salinas, Javiera. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Towner, Allison P. M.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos
Fil: Whitworth, Anthony P.. Cardiff University; Reino Unido
Materia
H II regions
Star forming regions
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/268645

id CONICETDig_98d642765b11b5b73871cb1f8baf1fc0
oai_identifier_str oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/268645
network_acronym_str CONICETDig
repository_id_str 3498
network_name_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
spelling ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive ProtoclustersGalván Madrid, RobertoDíaz González, Daniel J.Motte, FrédériqueGinsburg, AdamCunningham, NicholMenten, Karl M.Armante, MélanieCastaingts, MélisseBraine, JonathanCsengeri, TimeaDell'Ova, PierreLouvet, FabienNony, ThomasRivera-Soto, RudySanhueza, PatricioStutz, Amelia M.Wyrowski, FriedrichÁlvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.Baug, TapasBontemps, SylvainBronfman, LeonardoFernandez Lopez, ManuelGusdorf, AntoineKoley, AtanuLiu, Hong LiSalinas, JavieraTowner, Allison P. M.Whitworth, Anthony P.H II regionsStar forming regionshttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1We use the H41α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H II regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼1045 s‑1 to >1049 s‑1. We used the adjacent He41α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H II region size D. The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18. This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H II regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width ΔV dyn with D and Q 0. ΔV dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H II region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.Fil: Galván Madrid, Roberto. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Díaz González, Daniel J.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Motte, Frédérique. Universite Grenoble Alpes; FranciaFil: Ginsburg, Adam. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Cunningham, Nichol. Universite Grenoble Alpes; FranciaFil: Menten, Karl M.. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; AlemaniaFil: Armante, Mélanie. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Castaingts, Mélisse. University of Virginia; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Braine, Jonathan. Universite de Bordeaux; FranciaFil: Csengeri, Timea. Universite de Bordeaux; FranciaFil: Dell'Ova, Pierre. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Louvet, Fabien. Universite Grenoble Alpes; FranciaFil: Nony, Thomas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Rivera-Soto, Rudy. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Sanhueza, Patricio. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; JapónFil: Stutz, Amelia M.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Wyrowski, Friedrich. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; AlemaniaFil: Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Baug, Tapas. S.N. Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences; IndiaFil: Bontemps, Sylvain. Universite de Bordeaux; FranciaFil: Bronfman, Leonardo. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Fernandez Lopez, Manuel. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Gusdorf, Antoine. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Koley, Atanu. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Liu, Hong Li. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Salinas, Javiera. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Towner, Allison P. M.. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Whitworth, Anthony P.. Cardiff University; Reino UnidoIOP Publishing2024-09info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/268645Galván Madrid, Roberto; Díaz González, Daniel J.; Motte, Frédérique; Ginsburg, Adam; Cunningham, Nichol; et al.; ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters; IOP Publishing; Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 274; 1; 9-2024; 1-230067-0049CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-29T09:52:52Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/268645instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-29 09:52:53.042CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
title ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
spellingShingle ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
Galván Madrid, Roberto
H II regions
Star forming regions
title_short ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
title_full ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
title_fullStr ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
title_full_unstemmed ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
title_sort ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Galván Madrid, Roberto
Díaz González, Daniel J.
Motte, Frédérique
Ginsburg, Adam
Cunningham, Nichol
Menten, Karl M.
Armante, Mélanie
Castaingts, Mélisse
Braine, Jonathan
Csengeri, Timea
Dell'Ova, Pierre
Louvet, Fabien
Nony, Thomas
Rivera-Soto, Rudy
Sanhueza, Patricio
Stutz, Amelia M.
Wyrowski, Friedrich
Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.
Baug, Tapas
Bontemps, Sylvain
Bronfman, Leonardo
Fernandez Lopez, Manuel
Gusdorf, Antoine
Koley, Atanu
Liu, Hong Li
Salinas, Javiera
Towner, Allison P. M.
Whitworth, Anthony P.
author Galván Madrid, Roberto
author_facet Galván Madrid, Roberto
Díaz González, Daniel J.
Motte, Frédérique
Ginsburg, Adam
Cunningham, Nichol
Menten, Karl M.
Armante, Mélanie
Castaingts, Mélisse
Braine, Jonathan
Csengeri, Timea
Dell'Ova, Pierre
Louvet, Fabien
Nony, Thomas
Rivera-Soto, Rudy
Sanhueza, Patricio
Stutz, Amelia M.
Wyrowski, Friedrich
Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.
Baug, Tapas
Bontemps, Sylvain
Bronfman, Leonardo
Fernandez Lopez, Manuel
Gusdorf, Antoine
Koley, Atanu
Liu, Hong Li
Salinas, Javiera
Towner, Allison P. M.
Whitworth, Anthony P.
author_role author
author2 Díaz González, Daniel J.
Motte, Frédérique
Ginsburg, Adam
Cunningham, Nichol
Menten, Karl M.
Armante, Mélanie
Castaingts, Mélisse
Braine, Jonathan
Csengeri, Timea
Dell'Ova, Pierre
Louvet, Fabien
Nony, Thomas
Rivera-Soto, Rudy
Sanhueza, Patricio
Stutz, Amelia M.
Wyrowski, Friedrich
Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.
Baug, Tapas
Bontemps, Sylvain
Bronfman, Leonardo
Fernandez Lopez, Manuel
Gusdorf, Antoine
Koley, Atanu
Liu, Hong Li
Salinas, Javiera
Towner, Allison P. M.
Whitworth, Anthony P.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv H II regions
Star forming regions
topic H II regions
Star forming regions
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv We use the H41α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H II regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼1045 s‑1 to >1049 s‑1. We used the adjacent He41α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H II region size D. The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18. This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H II regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width ΔV dyn with D and Q 0. ΔV dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H II region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.
Fil: Galván Madrid, Roberto. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Díaz González, Daniel J.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Motte, Frédérique. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Ginsburg, Adam. University of Florida; Estados Unidos
Fil: Cunningham, Nichol. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Menten, Karl M.. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; Alemania
Fil: Armante, Mélanie. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Castaingts, Mélisse. University of Virginia; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Braine, Jonathan. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Csengeri, Timea. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Dell'Ova, Pierre. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Louvet, Fabien. Universite Grenoble Alpes; Francia
Fil: Nony, Thomas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Rivera-Soto, Rudy. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Sanhueza, Patricio. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Japón
Fil: Stutz, Amelia M.. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Wyrowski, Friedrich. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy; Alemania
Fil: Álvarez Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H.. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Baug, Tapas. S.N. Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences; India
Fil: Bontemps, Sylvain. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia
Fil: Bronfman, Leonardo. Universidad de Chile; Chile
Fil: Fernandez Lopez, Manuel. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; Argentina
Fil: Gusdorf, Antoine. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia
Fil: Koley, Atanu. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Liu, Hong Li. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Salinas, Javiera. Universidad de Concepción; Chile
Fil: Towner, Allison P. M.. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos
Fil: Whitworth, Anthony P.. Cardiff University; Reino Unido
description We use the H41α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H II regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼1045 s‑1 to >1049 s‑1. We used the adjacent He41α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H II region size D. The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18. This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H II regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width ΔV dyn with D and Q 0. ΔV dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H II region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/268645
Galván Madrid, Roberto; Díaz González, Daniel J.; Motte, Frédérique; Ginsburg, Adam; Cunningham, Nichol; et al.; ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters; IOP Publishing; Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 274; 1; 9-2024; 1-23
0067-0049
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/268645
identifier_str_mv Galván Madrid, Roberto; Díaz González, Daniel J.; Motte, Frédérique; Ginsburg, Adam; Cunningham, Nichol; et al.; ALMA-IMF. XIV: Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters; IOP Publishing; Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 274; 1; 9-2024; 1-23
0067-0049
CONICET Digital
CONICET
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv IOP Publishing
publisher.none.fl_str_mv IOP Publishing
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
reponame_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
collection CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname_str Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.name.fl_str_mv CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.mail.fl_str_mv dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar
_version_ 1844613620693991424
score 13.070432