The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination

Autores
Gandolf, A. Rae; Lifschitz, A.; Stadler, C.; Watson, B.; Galvanek, L.; Ballent, Mariana; Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo
Año de publicación
2009
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Loxodonta africana are susceptible to a wide variety of parasites that are often treated with the broad spectrum antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) based on empirical knowledge. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure plasma IVM levels following administration of 0.1 mg/kg IVM p.o., 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species. Using a crossover design, six African elephants were divided into two groups. Ivermectin was administered and typical grain rations were either provided or withheld for 2 hr. Blood and fecal samples were collected for 7 days following drug administration. After a 5-wk washout period, groups were switched and the procedure repeated. Plasma and fecal IVM were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups. Peak plasma concentration, area under the curve, and half-life for plasma ranged between 5.41-8.49 ng/ml, 17.1-20.3 ng × day/ml, and 3.12-4.47 day, respectively. High IVM concentrations were detected in feces. The peak concentration values in feces were between 264-311-fold higher than those obtained in plasma. The comparatively large area under the curve and short time to maximum concentration in feces indicate elimination prior to absorption of much of the drug. Plasma IVM concentrations were low when compared to other species. Based on these findings, administration of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg p.o. should be appropriate for eliminating many types of parasites in elephants, and could minimize development of parasite resistance.
Fil: Gandolf, A. Rae. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Lifschitz, A.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Stadler, C.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Watson, B.. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos
Fil: Galvanek, L.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina
Materia
ANTHELMINTIC
ELEPHANT
IVERMECTIN
LICE
LOXODONTA AFRICANA
PHARMACOKINETIC
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/100067
Acceder
id CONICETDig_8fa9ea07b9964e366c9c5b55d6c95b20
oai_identifier_str oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/100067
network_acronym_str CONICETDig
repository_id_str 3498
network_name_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
spelling The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite eliminationGandolf, A. RaeLifschitz, A.Stadler, C.Watson, B.Galvanek, L.Ballent, MarianaLanusse, Carlos EdmundoANTHELMINTICELEPHANTIVERMECTINLICELOXODONTA AFRICANAPHARMACOKINETIChttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4Loxodonta africana are susceptible to a wide variety of parasites that are often treated with the broad spectrum antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) based on empirical knowledge. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure plasma IVM levels following administration of 0.1 mg/kg IVM p.o., 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species. Using a crossover design, six African elephants were divided into two groups. Ivermectin was administered and typical grain rations were either provided or withheld for 2 hr. Blood and fecal samples were collected for 7 days following drug administration. After a 5-wk washout period, groups were switched and the procedure repeated. Plasma and fecal IVM were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups. Peak plasma concentration, area under the curve, and half-life for plasma ranged between 5.41-8.49 ng/ml, 17.1-20.3 ng × day/ml, and 3.12-4.47 day, respectively. High IVM concentrations were detected in feces. The peak concentration values in feces were between 264-311-fold higher than those obtained in plasma. The comparatively large area under the curve and short time to maximum concentration in feces indicate elimination prior to absorption of much of the drug. Plasma IVM concentrations were low when compared to other species. Based on these findings, administration of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg p.o. should be appropriate for eliminating many types of parasites in elephants, and could minimize development of parasite resistance.Fil: Gandolf, A. Rae. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Lifschitz, A.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Stadler, C.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Watson, B.. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados UnidosFil: Galvanek, L.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; ArgentinaAmerican Association of Zoo Veterinarians2009-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/100067Gandolf, A. Rae; Lifschitz, A.; Stadler, C.; Watson, B.; Galvanek, L.; et al.; The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination; American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine; 40; 1; 3-2009; 107-1121042-7260CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-40/issue-1/2008-0082.1/The-Pharmacokinetics-of-Orally-Administered-Ivermectin-in-African-Elephants-Loxodonta/10.1638/2008-0082.1.shortinfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1638/2008-0082.1info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2025-09-29T09:38:58Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/100067instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982025-09-29 09:38:58.548CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
title The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
spellingShingle The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
Gandolf, A. Rae
ANTHELMINTIC
ELEPHANT
IVERMECTIN
LICE
LOXODONTA AFRICANA
PHARMACOKINETIC
title_short The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
title_full The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
title_fullStr The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
title_full_unstemmed The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
title_sort The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Gandolf, A. Rae
Lifschitz, A.
Stadler, C.
Watson, B.
Galvanek, L.
Ballent, Mariana
Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo
author Gandolf, A. Rae
author_facet Gandolf, A. Rae
Lifschitz, A.
Stadler, C.
Watson, B.
Galvanek, L.
Ballent, Mariana
Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo
author_role author
author2 Lifschitz, A.
Stadler, C.
Watson, B.
Galvanek, L.
Ballent, Mariana
Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv ANTHELMINTIC
ELEPHANT
IVERMECTIN
LICE
LOXODONTA AFRICANA
PHARMACOKINETIC
topic ANTHELMINTIC
ELEPHANT
IVERMECTIN
LICE
LOXODONTA AFRICANA
PHARMACOKINETIC
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.3
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Loxodonta africana are susceptible to a wide variety of parasites that are often treated with the broad spectrum antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) based on empirical knowledge. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure plasma IVM levels following administration of 0.1 mg/kg IVM p.o., 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species. Using a crossover design, six African elephants were divided into two groups. Ivermectin was administered and typical grain rations were either provided or withheld for 2 hr. Blood and fecal samples were collected for 7 days following drug administration. After a 5-wk washout period, groups were switched and the procedure repeated. Plasma and fecal IVM were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups. Peak plasma concentration, area under the curve, and half-life for plasma ranged between 5.41-8.49 ng/ml, 17.1-20.3 ng × day/ml, and 3.12-4.47 day, respectively. High IVM concentrations were detected in feces. The peak concentration values in feces were between 264-311-fold higher than those obtained in plasma. The comparatively large area under the curve and short time to maximum concentration in feces indicate elimination prior to absorption of much of the drug. Plasma IVM concentrations were low when compared to other species. Based on these findings, administration of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg p.o. should be appropriate for eliminating many types of parasites in elephants, and could minimize development of parasite resistance.
Fil: Gandolf, A. Rae. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Lifschitz, A.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Stadler, C.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Watson, B.. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos
Fil: Galvanek, L.. Pittsburgh Zoo; Estados Unidos. PPG Aquarium; Estados Unidos
Fil: Ballent, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina
Fil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina
description Loxodonta africana are susceptible to a wide variety of parasites that are often treated with the broad spectrum antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) based on empirical knowledge. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure plasma IVM levels following administration of 0.1 mg/kg IVM p.o., 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species. Using a crossover design, six African elephants were divided into two groups. Ivermectin was administered and typical grain rations were either provided or withheld for 2 hr. Blood and fecal samples were collected for 7 days following drug administration. After a 5-wk washout period, groups were switched and the procedure repeated. Plasma and fecal IVM were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups. Peak plasma concentration, area under the curve, and half-life for plasma ranged between 5.41-8.49 ng/ml, 17.1-20.3 ng × day/ml, and 3.12-4.47 day, respectively. High IVM concentrations were detected in feces. The peak concentration values in feces were between 264-311-fold higher than those obtained in plasma. The comparatively large area under the curve and short time to maximum concentration in feces indicate elimination prior to absorption of much of the drug. Plasma IVM concentrations were low when compared to other species. Based on these findings, administration of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg p.o. should be appropriate for eliminating many types of parasites in elephants, and could minimize development of parasite resistance.
publishDate 2009
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2009-03
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/100067
Gandolf, A. Rae; Lifschitz, A.; Stadler, C.; Watson, B.; Galvanek, L.; et al.; The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination; American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine; 40; 1; 3-2009; 107-112
1042-7260
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/100067
identifier_str_mv Gandolf, A. Rae; Lifschitz, A.; Stadler, C.; Watson, B.; Galvanek, L.; et al.; The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (loxodonta Africana): Implications for parasite elimination; American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine; 40; 1; 3-2009; 107-112
1042-7260
CONICET Digital
CONICET
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-40/issue-1/2008-0082.1/The-Pharmacokinetics-of-Orally-Administered-Ivermectin-in-African-Elephants-Loxodonta/10.1638/2008-0082.1.short
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1638/2008-0082.1
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
reponame_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
collection CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname_str Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.name.fl_str_mv CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.mail.fl_str_mv dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar
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score 13.070432

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