Abstract:

South American Creole cattle are direct descendants of the animals brought to the New World by the Spanish and Portuguese during the 16th century. A portion of the mitochondrial D-loop was sequenced in 36 animals from five Creole cattle populations in Argentina and four in Bolivia. Individuals belonging to the potentially ancestral Spanish breed Retinta were also analysed. Sequence comparisons revealed three main groups: two with the characteristics of European breeds and a third showing the transitions representative of the African taurine breeds. The African sequences were found in two populations from Argentina and three populations from Bolivia, whose only connections go back to colonial times. The most probable explanation for the finding is that animals could have been moved from Africa to Spain during the long-lasting Arabian occupation that started in the seventh century, and from the Iberian Peninsula to America eight centuries later. However, since African haplotypes were not found in the Spanish sample, the possibility of cattle transported directly from Africa cannot be disregarded.

Author affiliation: Mirol, Patricia Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina

Author affiliation: Giovambattista, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina

Author affiliation: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina

Author affiliation: Dulout, Fernando Noel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina

Abstract:

After several years of research, there is now a consensus that America was populated from Asia through Beringia, probably at the end of the Pleistocene. But many details such as the timing, route(s), and origin of the first settlers remain uncertain. In the last decade genetic evidence has taken on a major role in elucidating the peopling of the Americas. To study the early peopling of South America, we sequenced the control region of mitochondrial DNA from 300 individuals belonging to indigenous populations of Chile and Argentina, and also obtained seven complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. We identified two novel mtDNA monophyletic clades, preliminarily designated B2l and C1b13, which together with the recently described D1g sub-haplogroup have locally high frequencies and are basically restricted to populations from the extreme south of South America. The estimated ages of D1g and B2l, about ∼ 15,000 years BP, together with their similar population dynamics and the high haplotype diversity shown by the networks, suggests that they probably appeared soon after the arrival of the first settlers and agrees with the dating of the earliest archaeological sites in South America (Monte Verde, Chile, 14,500 BP). One further sub-haplogroup, D4h3a5, appears to be restricted to Fuegian-Patagonian populations and reinforces our hypothesis of the continuity of the current Patagonian populations with the initial founders. Our results indicate that the extant native populations inhabiting South Chile and Argentina are a group which had a common origin, and suggest a population break between the extreme south of South America and the more northern part of the continent. Thus the early colonization process was not just an expansion from north to south, but also included movements across the Andes.

Author affiliation: de Saint Pierre, Michelle. Universidad de Chile; Chile

Author affiliation: Bravi, Claudio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina

Author affiliation: Motti, Josefina María Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fuku, Noriyuku. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Japón

Author affiliation: Tanaka, Masashi. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute Of Gerontology; Japón

Author affiliation: Llop, Elena. Universidad de Chile; Chile

Author affiliation: Bonatto, Sandro L.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Moraga, Mauricio. Universidad de Chile; Chile

Abstract:

La Mosca del Mediterráneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), es una de las plagas más importantes para la producción fruti-hortícola, debido al daño que ocasiona en gran variedad de frutas y hortalizas, disminuyendo su valor comercial. La caracterización genética de las poblaciones de esta plaga en Argentina, contribuye con el Programa Nacional de Control y Erradicación (PROCEM) aportando conocimiento sobre su dinámica poblacional y dispersión. En este trabajo se realizó un muestreo extenso de toda la zona productora de fruta en Argentina. Se obtuvieron muestras de ADN de individuos adultos y se estableció un banco genético representativo de la plaga en todo el país. Las muestras se clasificaron de acuerdo a su localizacioón geográfica y se caracterizaron con tres marcadores moleculares: RAPD, polimorfismos del primer intrón de Adh1 y variabilidad de secuencia de ADN mitocondrial. Con los tres marcadores mencionados, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las frecuencias alélicas de determinadas poblaciones. Mediante marcadores RAPD, se buscaron similitudes genéticas entre distintos sitios geográficos y se compararon los patrones de distribucion de la plaga con las rutas de comercio interno de fruta. El análisis de las frecuencias alélicas para polimorfismos de tamaño de fragmento de PCR en el primer intrón de Adh1, permitió el estudio de la distribución de la variabilidad genética y la estructura de las poblaciones. Mediante análisis de frecuencias de los haplotipos mitocondriales (PCR-RFLP) y su variabilidad en la secuencia del ADN mitocondrial, se postularon eventos de colonización, fuentes de introducción y patrones de distribución de la plaga en el país.

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (wiedemann), is one of the most important agricultural pest, due to the damage caused in many fruit and vegetable species, diminishing their commercial value. The genetic characterization of the pest populations in Argentina, contribute to the on-going National Control and Eradication Program (PROCEM), transfering knowledge of pest populations dynamic and dispersion. In this work, an extensive sampling from the main fruit-producing areas of Argentina was performed. Individual DNA extractions from adult flies were obtained and C. capitata genetic bank representing pest population in our country was established. The samples were classified according to geographical location and characterized with three molecular markers: RAPD markers; adh1 first intron polymorphisms and sequence variability of mitochondrial DNA. Significant differences between allelic frequencies of some populations were found, using this three markers. Genetic similarity between geographically distant sampling sites was tested and roads of fruit-trade were compared with pest distribution patterns, using RAPD markers. Genetic variability distribution and populations structure were studied by allelic frequencies analysis of adh1 first intron PCR-fragments-lenght polymorphisms. Pest colonization events, introdution sources and distribution patterns in the country were studied by mitochondrial haplotypes (PCR-RFLP) frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequence variability analyses.

Author affiliation: Lanzavecchia, Silvia Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Abstract:

The increasing availability of molecular phylogenies has highlighted the issue that genotypic and phenotypic patterns of variation are not always congruent, particularly below the species level. This has led to an ongoing discussion on the validity of the subspecies category and on the use of molecular data to help revise traditional classifications based on phenotypic data. We compared patterns of spatial diversification in genotype and phenotype in the Blue-black Grosbeak Cyanocompsa cyanoides, a Neotropical songbird with four recognised subspecies. Variation in phenotype and genotype are partially congruent among the four subspecies. The more genetically divergent subspecies C. c. rothschildii is strongly differentiated from the other subspecies in meristic characters, plumage colo uration and song . W e suggest that this taxon be accorded full species status as C. rothschildii. Regarding the remaining diversity within C. cyanoides, both phenotypic and genetic markers suggests that it could be divided into two subgroups, but the boundaries of genetic lineages do not coincide with those of subspecies defined using phenotypic data. Lack of complete congruence between phenotypic and molecular markers may be expected, since they are subject to different evolutionary processes. The discordance could also be due to a methodological problem, as subspecies ? geographic boundaries were defined on the basis of phenotypic descriptions that were not systematically evaluated. We consider the subspecies to be an informative taxonomic entity , but note that many current subspecific designations for diverse species need extensive reassessment.

Author affiliation: García, Natalia Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Author affiliation: Barreira, Ana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Author affiliation: Lavinia Oblanca, Pablo Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Author affiliation: Tubaro, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Abstract:

The capuchinos are a group of birds in the genus Sporophila that has apparently radiated recently, as evidenced by their lack of mitochondrial genetic diversity. We obtained cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences (or DNA barcodes) for the 11 species of the group and various outgroups. We compared the patterns of COI variability of the capuchinos with those of the largest barcode data set from neotropical birds currently available (500 species representing 51% of avian richness in Argentina), and subjected COI sequences to neighbour-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses as well as statistical parsimony network analysis. A clade within the capuchinos, the southern capuchinos, showed higher intraspecific and lower interspecific divergence than the remaining Argentine species. As most of the southern capuchinos shared COI haplotypes and pairwise distances within species were in many cases higher than distances between them, the phylogenetic affinities within the group remained unresolved. The observed genetic pattern is consistent with both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow between species. The southern capuchinos constitute the only large group of species among the neotropical birds barcoded so far that are inseparable when using DNA barcodes, and one of few multispecies avian groups known to lack reciprocal monophyly. Extending the analysis to rapidly evolving nuclear and mitochondrial markers will be crucial to understanding this radiation. Apart from giving insights into the evolution of the capuchinos, this study shows how DNA barcoding can rapidly flag species or groups of species worthy of deeper study.

Author affiliation: Campagna, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Author affiliation: Lijtmaer, Dario Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Author affiliation: Kerr, Kevin C. R.. University of Guelph; Canadá

Author affiliation: Barreira, Ana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Author affiliation: Hebert, Paul David Neil. University of Guelph; Canadá

Author affiliation: Lougheed, Stephen C.. Queens University; Canadá

Author affiliation: Tubaro, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Abstract:

Native Americans are characterized by specific and unique patterns of genetic and cultural/linguistic diversities, and this information has been used to understand patterns of geographic dispersion, and the relationship between these peoples. Particularly interesting are the Tupi and Je speaker dispersions. At present, a large number of individuals speak languages of these two stocks; for instance, Tupi-Guarani is one of the official languages in Paraguay, Bolivia, and the Mercosul economic block. Although the Tupi expansion can be compared in importance to the Bantu migration in Africa, little is known about this event relative to others. Equal and even deeper gaps exist concerning the Je-speakers´ expansion. This study aims to elucidate some aspects of these successful expansions. To meet this purpose, we analyzed Native American mtDNA complete control region from nine different populations and included HVS-I sequences available in the literature, resulting in a total of 1,176 samples investigated. Evolutionary relationships were explored through median-joining networks and genetic/geographic/linguistic correlations with Mantel tests and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Both Tupi and Je showed general traces of ancient or more recent fission<b>?</b>fusion processes, but a very different pattern of demographic expansion. Tupi populations displayed a classical isolation-by-distance pattern, while Je groups presented an intricate and nonlinear mode of dispersion. We suggest that the collective memory and other cultural processes could be important factors influencing the fission<b>?</b>fusion events, which likely contributed to the genetic structure, evolution, and dispersion of Native American populations.

Author affiliation: Ramallo, Virginia. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bisso Machado, Rafael. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Bravi, Claudio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (i); Argentina

Author affiliation: Coble, Michael. Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory; Estados Unidos

Author affiliation: Salzano, Francisco. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Hünemeier, Tabita. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Bortolini, Maria C.. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul; Brasil

Abstract:

Spatial subdivision, local extinction and recolonization influence the genetic variation of natural populations. Different levels of population structure can be identified in nature, from panmictic populations, in which high gene flow homogenizes diversity across localities, to metapopulations, where combinations of moderate to high levels of population differentiation and source-sink population dynamics are expected. Gene flow, dispersal and recolonization can be affected by changes in ecological conditions such as climate and resource distribution. Evaluating demographic history is crucial for understanding current population dynamics. We assessed a mitchondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and microsatellite data for 210 Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from 13 breeding colonies on the coastlines of Chile and Argentina, covering a great portion of the species’ distribution. We found high levels of genetic diversity and detected two genetic-geographic regions, Pacific and Atlantic, probably due to interruption of the connection between the oceans during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when several parts of the Magellanic Channel were connected to the continent. The Atlantic ocean colonies showed a slight differentiation between the northern and southern colonies, and the Falkand/Malvinas one seems to be a mix of northern, southern and Pacific colonies. Magellanic Penguins showed intense gene flown among colonies, and exhibited low levels of genetic differentiation in each region. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the Magellanic Penguin experienced a population expansion around 17,500 years ago, which is in agreement with the timing of a decreased sea level and the exposure of the continental shelf along the coast of Argentina and the Falkland/Malvinas Islands at the end of the LGM. Thus, our results suggest that climate changes that affect the sea level in South America can play important roles in the migration of Magellanic Penguins.

Author affiliation: Dantas, Gisele Pires Mendonça. Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Minas Gerais; . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil

Author affiliation: Maria, Gabriella Cardoso. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Author affiliation: Marasco, Anna Carolina Milo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Author affiliation: Castro, Larissa Tormena. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Author affiliation: Almeida, Vanessa Simão. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Author affiliation: Santos, Fabricio Rodrigues. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil

Author affiliation: Rosa de Oliveira, Larissa. Universidade Do Vale Do Rio Dos Sinos; Brasil

Author affiliation: Crespo, Enrique Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frere, Esteban. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Milliones, Anna. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina

Author affiliation: González Acuña, Daniel. Universidad de Concepción; Chile

Author affiliation: Morgante, João Stenghel. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Author affiliation: Vianna, Juliana A.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile. Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile

Abstract:

The elusive nature and endangered status of most carnivore species imply that efficient approaches for their non-invasive sampling are required to allow for genetic and ecological studies. Faecal samples are a major potential source of information, and reliable approaches are needed to foster their application in this field, particularly in areas where few studies have been conducted. A major obstacle to the reliable use of faecal samples is their uncertain species-level identification in the field, an issue that can be addressed with DNA-based assays. In this study we describe a sequence-based approach that efficiently distinguishes jaguar versus puma scats, and that presents several desirable properties: (1) considerably high amplification and sequencing rates; (2) multiple diagnostic sites reliably differentiating the two focal species; (3) high information content that allows for future application in other carnivores; (4) no evidence of amplification of prey DNA; and (5) no evidence of amplification of a nuclear mitochondrial DNA insertion known to occur in the jaguar. We demonstrate the reliability and usefulness of this approach by evaluating 55 field-collected samples from four locations in the highly fragmented Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil and Argentina, and document the presence of one or both of these endangered felids in each of these areas. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Author affiliation: Haag, Taiana. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Santos, Analisie S.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina

Author affiliation: Srbek-Araujo, Ana Carolina. Instituto Ambiental Vale, Vitoria; Brasil

Author affiliation: Sana, Dênis A.. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia; Brasil

Author affiliation: Morato, Ronaldo G.. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia; Brasil. CENAP/ICMBio, Atibaia; Brasil

Author affiliation: Salzano, Francisco M.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Author affiliation: Eizirik, Eduardo. Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI, Frederick; Estados Unidos. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia; Brasil. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

Abstract:

The Patagonian silverside Odontesthes hatcheri is a native fish restricted to streams and lakes of Patagonia (Argentina and Chile). Stocking programs to enhance recreational fisheries in man-made reservoirs have introduced a nonnative, closely-related species (the pejerrey O. bonariensis) in Patagonia almost a century ago, and yet little is known about the invasiveness of this species. To evaluate the impact of these introductions we analyze genetic data (microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA) to quantify the incidence of hybridization between these two species and assess potential effects on native population structure. Phylogeographic analyses reveal weak geographic differentiation among populations of O. hatcheri, in agreement with previous studies for other freshwater fishes in Patagonia strongly influenced by Quaternary glaciations and hydrographic basin changes since the last glaciation. However, many populations have unique genetic pools. In several areas, introductions resulted in extensive hybridization, with high frequencies of F2 and backcrossed hybrids in natural populations, and in some cases O. bonariensis has completely displaced the native populations. The negative impact of these introductions on native populations is correlated to temperature, a critical parameter in the face of global warming, suggesting that invasiveness of O. bonariensis may increase in the future. Our results advise against continuing stocking programs to preserve the integrity of natural populations of the Patagonian silverside.

Author affiliation: Rueda, Eva Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Mullaney, Kerry A.. The George Washington University; Estados Unidos

Author affiliation: Conte-Grand, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Author affiliation: Habit, Evelyn M.. Universidad de Concepción and Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas Patagónicos; Chile

Author affiliation: Cussac, Victor Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Author affiliation: Ortí, Guillermo. The George Washington University; Estados Unidos

Abstract:

Bursts of speciation have followed colonization of remote oceanic islands by diverse taxa, a process evidenced by island endemics around the world. The present study explores whether the Malvinas - Falkland Islands (MFI), a relatively understudied archipelago off the South Atlantic coast of Patagonia, harbour endemic genetic lineages of passerine birds. Nine passerine species nest regularly in the MFI (Cinclodes antarcticus, Muscisaxicola maclovianus, Troglodytes cobbi, Cistothorus platensis, Turdus falcklandii, Anthus correndera, Melanodera melanodera, Sturnella loyca, and Carduelis barbata). Mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase I sequences) are used to quantify and compare divergence between insular and continental populations, finding genetic patterns to vary across these nine species. Most MFI passerines do not show significant genetic differentiation from continental populations, whereas C. platensis, M. melanodera, and T. falcklandii are modestly diverged. Finally, T. cobbi differes markedly from its closest continental relative Troglodytes aedon, a result that is confirmed using nuclear and vocal data. The study also identifies broadly divergent lineages within continental populations of C. platensis and T. aedon. Taken together, these results suggest that the land bird populations of the MFI were established at different times. Troglodytes cobbi is the oldest MFI land bird, splitting from continental T. aedon during the Great Patagonian Glaciation of the Pleistocene.

Author affiliation: Campagna, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Author affiliation: St Clair, James J. H.. University of Bath; Reino Unido

Author affiliation: Lougheed, Stephen C.. Queens University; Canadá

Author affiliation: Woods, Robin W.. No especifica;

Author affiliation: Imberti, Santiago. Asociación Ambiente Sur; Argentina

Author affiliation: Tubaro, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina