Abstract:

A novel glyphosate resistance double point mutation (T102I/P106S, TIPS) in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene has been recently identified for the first time only in the weed species Eleusine indica. Quantification of plant resistance cost associated with the TIPS and the often reported glyphosate resistance single P106S mutation was performed. A significant resistance cost (50% in seed number currency) associated with the homozygous TIPS but not the homozygous P106S EPSPS variant was identified in E. indica plants. The resistance cost associated with the TIPS mutation escalated to 85% in plants under resource competition with rice crops. The resistance cost was not detected in nonhomozygous TIPS plants denoting the recessive nature of the cost associated with the TIPS allele. An excess of 11-fold more shikimate and sixfold more quinate in the shikimate pathway was detected in TIPS plants in the absence of glyphosate treatment compared to wild type, whereas no changes in these compounds were observed in P106S plants when compared to wild type. TIPS plants show altered metabolite levels in several other metabolic pathways that may account for the expression of the observed resistance cost.

Author affiliation: Han, Heping. University of Western Australia; Australia

Author affiliation: Vila Aiub, Martin Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. University of Western Australia; Australia

Author affiliation: Jalaludin, Adam. University of Western Australia; Australia

Author affiliation: Yu, Qin. University of Western Australia; Australia

Author affiliation: Powles, Stephen B.. University of Western Australia; Australia

Abstract:

The desorption of glyphosate from goethite as induced by the adsorption of phosphate was investigated by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with adsorption isotherms. Desorption of glyphosate was very low in the absence of phosphate. Addition of phosphate promoted glyphosate desorption. At low initial surface coverages, added phosphate adsorbed on free surface sites, mainly, displacing a small amount of glyphosate. At high initial surface coverages, on the contrary, phosphate adsorption resulted in a significant glyphosate desorption. In the latter conditions, the ratio desorbed glyphosate to adsorbed phosphate was 0.60. The desorption process can be explained by assuming that phosphate adsorbs first forming a monodentate mononuclear complex, which rapidly evolves into a bidentate binuclear complex that displaces glyphosate.

Author affiliation: Waiman, Carolina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

Author affiliation: Avena, Marcelo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

Author affiliation: Regazzoni, Alberto Ernesto. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Centro Atomico Bariloche; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto Sabato; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zanini, Graciela Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

Abstract:

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a post-emergence, non-selective, foliar herbicide. Around 200 million. liters of this herbicide are applied every year in Argentina, where the main agricultural practice is no-till (NT), accounting for 78.5% of the cultivated land. In this work, we studied the adsorption of glyphosate in different soils under long-term management (more than 16 years) of NT and conventional tillage (CT). Samples were taken from different regions of Argentina corresponding to: Paraná soil (PAR), a silty clay loam soil (< 37% clay), Manfredi (MAN) and Pergamino (PER), both silty loam soils (< 26% clay). We found that the adsorption was very high in all the soils, and it was particularly influenced by the soil clay content and CEC and negatively related to pH and phosphorus. In general, the adsorption coefficient (Kf) was higher in the CT samples. We also studied the vertical transport of glyphosate in undisturbed columns (15 cm long) and compared the effect of NT and CT. Less than 0.24% of the applied pesticide leached in all soils. No significant difference was found between the total amount of leached glyphosate between soils or tillage practice. The highest glyphosate concentration (67.53% of the initially applied doses) was found in the top 5 cm of the columns. The strong retention of glyphosate to the soil matrix, as confirmed by the high Kf values obtained in the isotherm studies, was the dominant factor influencing glyphosate mobility through the soil profile.

Author affiliation: Okada, Elena. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Costa, Jose Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bedmar, Francisco. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Abstract:

El glifosato (N- (fosfonometil) glicina) es un post-emergencia, no selectivo, herbicida foliar. Alrededor de 200 millón de litros de este herbicida se aplican cada año en Argentina, donde la principal práctica agrícola es laboreo cero (NT), que representan el 78,5% de la tierra cultivada. En este trabajo, se estudió la adsorción del glifosato en diferentes suelos bajo manejo a largo plazo (más de 16 años) de la TN y la labranza convencional (LC). Las muestras fueron tomados de diferentes regiones de Argentina correspondientes a: Paraná suelo (PAR), un suelo franco arcilloso limoso (b37% arcilla), Manfredi (MAN) y Pergamino (PER), tanto loamsoils limosas (% de arcilla b26) .Wefound que el adsorptionwas muy alta en todos los suelos, y fue particularmente influenciado por el contenido de arcilla del suelo y la CCA y negativamente relacionado a pH y fósforo. En general, el coeficiente de adsorción (Kf) fue mayor en el CT samples.We también estudió el transporte vertical de glifosato en columnas no perturbadas (15 cm de largo) y se comparó el efecto de NT y CT. Menos de 0,24% del plaguicida aplicado en todos los suelos lixiviados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el total cantidad de glifosato lixiviado entre los suelos o práctica de labranza. La concentración más alta de glifosato (67,53% de las dosis aplicadas inicialmente) se encontró en los primeros 5 cm de las columnas. La fuerte retención de glifosato a la matriz del suelo, como lo confirman los altos valores de Kf obtenidos en los estudios de las isotermas, fue el factor dominante influir en la movilidad glifosato a través del perfil del suelo.

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a post-emergence, non-selective, foliar herbicide. Around 200 million liters of this herbicide are applied every year in Argentina, where the main agricultural practice is no-till (NT), accounting for 78.5% of the cultivated land. In this work, we studied the adsorption of glyphosate in different soils under long-term management (more than 16 years) of NT and conventional tillage (CT). Samples were taken from different regions of Argentina corresponding to: Paraná soil (PAR), a silty clay loam soil (< 37% clay), Manfredi (MAN) and Pergamino (PER), both silty loam soils (< 26% clay). We found that the adsorption was very high in all the soils, and it was particularly influenced by the soil clay content and CEC and negatively related to pH and phosphorus. In general, the adsorption coefficient (Kf) was higher in the CT samples. We also studied the vertical transport of glyphosate in undisturbed columns (15 cm long) and compared the effect of NT and CT. Less than 0.24% of the applied pesticide leached in all soils. No significant difference was found between the total amount of leached glyphosate between soils or tillage practice. The highest glyphosate concentration (67.53% of the initially applied doses) was found in the top 5 cm of the columns. The strong retention of glyphosate to the soil matrix, as confirmed by the high Kf values obtained in the isotherm studies, was the dominant factor influencing glyphosate mobility through the soil profile.

EEA Balcarce

Author affiliation: Okada, Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Author affiliation: Costa, Jose Luis. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bedmar, Francisco. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Abstract:

Hirschfeldia incana es una especie de la familia de las crucíferas, de ciclo anual o bienal. Nace principalmente en otoño - invierno, comportándose como maleza en cultivos invernales y aún de verano por su largo ciclo. En lotes cercanos a la localidad de Oncativo, destinados principalmente a la siembra de soja y maíz, se han observado desde el año 2016 fallas de control de esta especie a aplicaciones de glifosato + 2,4D realizadas durante el barbecho. Teniendo en cuenta esta situación, el equipo de Disherbología de la E.E.A de INTA Manfredi realizó ensayos a campo y en condiciones controladas para confirmar la resistencia y evaluar alternativas de control químico de este biotipo, denominado “Oncativo”

INTA. CR Córdoba. EEA Manfredi.

Author affiliation: Ustarroz, D. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agronomìa. Grupo Protección Vegetal; Argentina

Abstract:

Experiments evaluated the effect of glyphosate rate and Anoda cristata density, on crop and weed biomass and weed seed production in wide (70 cm) and narrow rows (35 cm) glyphosate-resistant soyabean (Glycine max). Soyabean density was higher at 35 cm row spacing as an increase in planting rate in narrow-row soyabean is recommended for producers in Argentina. Soyabean biomass at growth stage V4 (four nodes on the main stem with fully developed leaves beginning with the unifoliate leaves) was higher when grown on narrow than in wide-rows but was not affected by the presence of A. cristata. At growth stage R5 (seed initiation – seed 3 mm long in a pod at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem, with a fully developed leaf and full canopy development), crop biomass was greater in narrow rows compared with wide rows with 12 plants m−2 of A. cristata. In narrow-row soyabean, a single application of a reduced rate of glyphosate maintained soyabean biomass at R5 and provided excellent weed control regardless of weed density. In wide-row soyabean control was reduced at the high weed density. Regardless of row spacing, A. cristata biomass and seed production were severely reduced by half of the recommended dose rate of glyphosate but the relationship between biomass and seed production was not altered. Glyphosate rates as low as 67.5 g a.e. ha−1 in narrow rows or 540 g a.e. ha−1 in wide rows provided excellent control of A. cristata. To minimize glyphosate use, planting narrow-row soyabean are effective where A. cristata density is low.

Author affiliation: Puricelli, Eduardo Carlos Jose Maria. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Author affiliation: Faccini, Delma Edith. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Author affiliation: Orioli, Gustavo Adolfo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

Author affiliation: Sabbatini, Mario Ricardo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

Abstract:

Author affiliation: Acosta, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina.

La presente tesis analiza el problema que presentan Gomphrena perennis e Iresine diffusa como malezas invasoras de campos dedicados a la siembra directa con aplicaciones intensivas de glifosato. Inicialmente se aplicaron los conceptos del análisis arquitectural a todos los representantes argentinos del género Gomphrena e Iresine como marco de partida en la comprensión de sus características estructurales. Luego se cuantificó esta estructura para G. perennis e I. difusa mediante una base de datos morfológicos de plantas sometidas y no al tratamiento herbicida a fin de determinar susceptibilidad y respuestas morfológicas y alométricas. Además, se trabajó a nivel de la biología de las semillas a fin de aportar mayor información sobre el comportamiento a campo de ambas especies. Aunque se confirmó la tolerancia al glifosato en ambas especies, los resultados del Índice de Susceptibilidad y diferencias en la magnitud de las respuestas alométricas basadas en parámetros estructurales, muestran una mayor tolerancia a glifosato en G. perennis respecto a I. diffusa. Por otra parte, la comparación entre un ecotipo agrícola y uno silvestre de G. perennis mostró diferente susceptibilidad al mencionado herbicida entre los mismos. Los datos arquitecturales obtenidos han provisto de información detallada del crecimiento y la estructura de G. perennis e I. difusa. La cuantificación de la arquitectura, relacionada a otras características biológicas y agronómicas, permite explicar rasgos específicos que están asociados a su éxito ecológico en el modelo productivo actual. Además, han sido explorados y ampliados los criterios utilizados para caracterizar estas especies herbáceas como malezas.

This thesis examines the problem of Gomphrena perennis and Iresine diffusa as invasive weeds in fields engaged in no-till soybean systems with glyphosate-intensive applications. Initially, the concepts of architectural analysis were applied to all species of the genus Gomphrena and Iresine present in Argentina as a starting framework for understanding their structural characteristics. After that, structure was quantified in G. perennis and I. diffusa through a morphological database of plants subjected to herbicide treatment to determine susceptibility and morphological and allometric responses; this work was complemented with seed biology studies in order to provide information about the possibility of seedlings to escape from herbicide application in both species . Tolerence to glyphosate in both species was confirmed. However, the results based on structural patterns, namely the susceptibility index and allometric response in meristem allocation, showed that both species differ in their response to glyphosate, being herbicide tolerance greater in G. perennis than I. diffusa. Moreover, the comparison between an agricultural ecotype and a wild ecotype of G. perennis showed different susceptibility to the herbicide between them. Comparisons through architectural data have provided detailed information on growth and structure of G. perennis and I. diffusa. Quantification of plant architecture related to other biological characteristics have allowed the explanation of specific agronomic traits and their association with their ecological success in the current production model. Besides, the criteria used to characterize these herbaceous species as weeds have been explored and expanded.

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Abstract:

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (N – phosphonomethylglicine) is the most common pesticide used in the Humid Pampa, the main agricultural region in Argentina. According to agronomical practices and topogeographical characteristics of the region, rhizoremediation arises as a promising technology to mitigate glyphosate impact on health and agroecosystems. Lotus corniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil) and Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. (=Lotus glaber Mill., narrowleaf trefoil) were selected to carry out tolerance studies as the starting point of a rhizoremediation process. L. corniculatus presented the highest root and foliar tolerance to glyphosate, corresponding to 5.0 mg kg−1 and 700 g ha−1 respectively. The enzyme enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) partial cDNA sequence and whole plant shikimate accumulation assay were performed on L. corniculatus in order investigate tolerance mechanisms. No amino acid substitution related to glyphosate tolerance was found on EPSP synthase cDNA sequence. The shikimate accumulation study indicates that limited uptake and/or translocation of the herbicide is the most probable tolerance mechanism. Results obtained in this study, plus the productive and adaptive advantages of L. corniculatus make it a valuable candidate to develop rhizoremediation strategies.

Author affiliation: Massot, Francisco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina

Author affiliation: Smith, María Emilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina

Author affiliation: Vitali, Victoria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina 

Author affiliation: Giulietti, Ana Maria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina

Author affiliation: Merini, Luciano José. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil.Laboratorio de Malezas y Herbicidas; Argentina

Abstract:

Agriculture is one of the bases of the Argentine economy. Glyphosate is undoubtedly one of the most important herbicides used. The increasing consumption and the efficiency of glyphosate-based herbicides have encouraged several studies on their persistence in soils, their effects on soil microbiota and their degradation processes. Fungi have been reported as being the main herbicide-degrading microorganisms as well as the most tolerant to environmentalstress conditions. This study evaluated the growth performance of Aspergillus section Flavi and Aspergillus niger aggregate strains on Czapek Dox media supplied with a commercial glyphosate formulation as sole source of carbon (CZC), phosphorus (CZP) or nitrogen (CZN). Six Aspergillus spp. strains were evaluated. Each medium was stab-inoculated with fungal spores from 7-day old cultures. Two measures of colony radii were taken daily. All of the A. section Flavi strains showed a significant increase (from 24 to 44%) in growth rate on the CZN medium, as compared to controls. The A. niger aggregate strains exhibited the same behavioral pattern under all the conditions tested, except on the CZN medium. Velutinous or slightly floccose colonies with abundant sporulation were observed on CZP. Moreover, the colonies produced sparse sporulation on CZC or CZN media, being their appearances completely different from those on the CZP medium. This study establishes that A. section Flavi and A. niger aggregate strains can grow in vitro in the presence of glyphosate, especially when it is used as a sole source of phosphorus or nitrogen.

La agricultura es una de las bases de la economía argentina. El glifosato es, indudablemente, uno de los herbicidas más utilizados. El incremento en el consumo y la eficiencia de estos herbicidas han estimulado investigaciones sobre su persistencia en el suelo, sus efectos sobre la microbiota edáfica y su proceso de degradación. Los hongos son conocidos por su importancia como degradadores de herbicidas y por su tolerancia a condiciones de estrés ambiental. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de cepas de Aspergillus sección Flavi y del agregado Aspergillus niger en el medio Czapeck Dox suplementado con una solución comercial de glifosato como única fuente de carbono (CZC), de fósforo (CZP) o de nitrógeno (CZN). Seis cepas de Aspergillus fueron evaluadas. Cada medio fue inoculado con esporas fúngicas provenientes de cultivos de 7 días. Diariamente se tomaron 2 medidas del radio de las colonias. Todas las cepas de Aspergillus sección Flavi mostraron un incremento significativo (del 24 al 44%) en la velocidad de crecimiento en el medio CZN comparado con los controles. Las cepas del agregado A. niger mostraron el mismo comportamiento bajo todas las condiciones ensayadas, excepto en el medio CZN. Se observaron colonias velutinosas o ligeramente flocosas con abundante esporulación en los medios CZP. En los medios CZC o CZN, las colonias produjeron una esporulación escasa. Este estudio establece que cepas de Aspergillus sección Flavi y del agregado A. niger pueden desarrollar in vitro en presencia de glifosato, especialmente cuando es usado como única fuente de fósforo o nitrógeno.

Author affiliation: Carranza, Cecilia Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

Author affiliation: Barberis, Carla Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

Author affiliation: Chiacchiera, Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina

Author affiliation: Magnoli, Carina Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; Argentina

Abstract:

The large scale use of glyphosate to control weeds in transgenic crops and in no-till management systems emphasizes the need to understand its effects on soil microbial communities. The herbicide may change the soil environment due to toxicity to soil microorganisms and through the influx of carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the cometabolic decay of glyphosate. This study evaluated both the potential effects of glyphosate treatments on microbial community structure and function in laboratory incubation of soils. Soil from two sites in the Pampa region of Argentina (Vertic Argiudoll from Zavalla, ZAV; Petrocalcic Paleustoll from Coronel Dorrego, DOR), with long exposure to glyphosate were used in soil microcosms amended with different doses of herbicide (0, 15 and 150mgkg -1) and incubated for 7 days. Soil from a natural grassland at the ZAV site was used as a reference soil. Community respiration in response to different C and nutrient (N and P) sources, including glyphosate, were assessed using an O 2 consumption-based assay in microtiter plates. Microbial community structure was analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to estimate the bacterial abundance and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to investigate the structure of the bacterial community. Glyphosate addition to the microcosms had minimal effects on both structural and functional measures of the microbial community. The addition of a high dose of glyphosate to soil microcosms from one agricultural site significantly reduced N limitation, suggesting that glyphosate breakdown provided N for microbial activity. However, the immediate respiratory response of the reference and chronically exposed soils to glyphosate was distinctive. Glyphosate increased respiration in the reference grassland soil, potentially due to a stress response of glyphosate sensitive species, while it depressed respiration in the chronically exposed soil, probably as a result of selection for organisms acclimated for rapid assimilation of substrates from the cometabolic decay of the molecule. These results suggest that longer term studies involving repeated addition of glyphosate to previously unexposed soils are needed to understand important shifts in community metabolism caused by the typical agricultural use of this herbicide.

Author affiliation: Zabaloy, Maria Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

Author affiliation: Gomez, Elena del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

Author affiliation: Garland, Jay L.. United States Environmental Protection Agency; Estados Unidos. Kennedy Space Center. Dynamac Corporation; Estados Unidos

Author affiliation: Gomez, Marisa Anahi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina