Abstract:

Thermal time models for seed germination assume a continuum of rate responses in the sub-optimal temperature range. Generally, the models describe germination performance in non-dormant seeds at constant temperatures, yet alternating temperature (AT) is a feature of many natural environments. We studied the possible interacting effects of AT on germination progress in photoblastic seeds of three aromatic–medicinal Verbenaceae species in the genera Lippia and Aloysia. For Lippia turbinata f. turbinata and L. turbinata f. magnifolia seed, germination only occurred in light conditions, while for L. integrifolia and Aloysia citriodora it was significantly higher in the light than in darkness. Although relative light germination (RLG) was not different between constant and AT in the sub-optimal range, AT raised the base temperature for germination progress (Tb) from ca. 3–6 °C in constant temperature to 7–12 °C in AT. Among the species, thermal time for 50% seed germination [θT(50)] was 55–100 °Cd at constant temperature. Although AT resulted in slight modifications to θT(50), the germination rate at comparable average temperatures in the sub-optimal range was slower than under constant temperatures. For all species, the proportion of germinated seeds was similar for constant and AT. Our results suggest that an interaction between cool temperature and darkness during AT treatment limits the temperature range permissive for germination in these positively photoblastic seed, reflecting both close adaptation to the natural ecology and niche requirements of the species.

Author affiliation: Galindez, Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Seal, C. E.. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido

Author affiliation: Daws, M. I.. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido

Author affiliation: Lindow López, Lucía Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Ortega Baes, Francisco Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Escuela de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Pritchard, H. W.. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido

Abstract:

Las especies introducidas que rápidamente colonizan grandes áreas ofrecen una oportunidad para investigar las causas que les permiten una colonización exitosa (invasión biológica), así como el cambio que provocan en las comunidades ya establecidas. Zaprionus indianus Gupta (1970) es un drosofílido (Diptera: Drosophilidae) originario de la región Afrotropical y que recientemente colonizó toda América desde su ingreso a Brasil en 1999. En esta Tesis de Doctorado se han estudiado características ecológicas y genéticas que podrían relacionarse con la exitosa invasión de Z. indianus. En particular, a) se caracterizó la distribución, abundancia y utilización de recursos alimenticios por parte de Z. indianus en la Argentina; b) se analizaron aspectos histórico-demográficos, los niveles de estructuración poblacional y los niveles de variación genética mitocondrial en las poblaciones de Z. indianus establecidas en la Argentina; c) se describieron patrones de variación genética y de plasticidad fenotípica en caracteres morfológicos y de historia de vida en poblaciones argentinas de Z. indianus y d) se realizaron experimentos de competencia interespecífica entre Z. indianus y drosofílidos preestablecidos en la Argentina. Los resultados mostraron que: Z. indianus tiene la capacidad de utilizar como hospedador los frutos de diversas especies como guayaba, mango, naranja, caqui, papaya, banana, nísperos e higos; que el proceso de invasión al continente dejó rastros en la variación genética mitocondrial de Z. indianus caracterizando un proceso sin cambios demográficos abruptos; que tanto la variación genética y la plasticidad fenotípica de caracteres morfológicos y de historia de vida presentan patrones complejos en las poblaciones invasoras y, finalmente, que la habilidad competitiva larval de Z. indianus respecto de otros drosofílidos sería una de las causas del éxito de la colonización de esta especie en la Argentina.

Introduced species that colonize large areas, rapidly offer an opportunity to research the causes that allow their successful colonization (biological invasion) as well as the changes it makes in established communities. Zaprionus indianus Gupta (1970) is a drosophilid (Diptera: Drosophilidae) originated from the Afrotropical region that recently colonized all America since it arrival to Brazil in 1999. In this Doctoral Thesis we have studied the biological and genetic features that might relate to the successful invasion of Z. indianus. In particular, a) we have characterized the distribution, abundance and usage of food resources by Z. indianus in Argentina; b) we have analyzed historical and demographic aspects of this invasion, the levels of population structuration and the levels mitochondrial genetic variation in populations of Z. indianus established in Argentina; c) we have described the patterns of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in morphological and life history traits in Argentine populations of Z. indianus and d) we have made experiments of interspecific competition between Z. indianus and frugivore drosophilids preset in Argentina. The results showed that: Z. indianus has the ability to use the fruits of various species such as guava, mango, orange, persimmon, papaya, banana and figs as host; that the process of invasion in the continent left traces in their mitochondrial genetic variation of a history characterized by a lack of abrupt demographic changes; that genetic morphological and life history traits’ variation and phenotypic plasticity show complex patterns in invasive populations, and lastly, that larval competitive ability of Z. indianus over other drosophilids can be proposed as one of the causes of the successful colonization of this species in Argentina.

Author affiliation: Imberti, Marcos Agustín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Abstract:

Paspalum dilatatum Poir., is a perennial C4 grass widely distributed in the Argentinean Pampas. The response to water availability for materials developed with forage-production purposes is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic differences between commercial varieties are reflected in their regrowth capacity under water stress. The effect of five levels of constant water supply on three plant varieties (two derived from apomictic materials: 'Relincho' and 'Alonso' and one from sexually-derived material: 'Primo') were examined in the greenhouse. Leaf- and plant-response traits were followed during 38 d after a single defoliation event. Seven response variables were measured: three of them were morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation duration) and four were structural (number of live leaves, lamina length, tiller biomass and tiller production). The sexual material showed higher values for growth variables than the apomictic varieties (leaf elongation rate, leaf length and tiller biomass) across the environmental range. Apomictic varieties showed a proportionally similar drought response to the sexual material for the seven variables. No intra-specific trade-off (statistical interaction) was found between growth under high water availability conditions and drought tolerance.

Author affiliation: Couso, Luciana Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Author affiliation: Gatti, María Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Author affiliation: Cornaglia, Patricia Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Author affiliation: Schrauf, Gustavo Enrique. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fernandez Alduncin, Roberto Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Abstract:

Phenotypic plasticity, a widespread phenomenon in boreal freshwater fishes, is less apparent in the marine realm and the organism-environment interactions producing this variation are undetermined. A sample of 40 specimens of Trematomus newnesi, an inshore Antarctic fish from King George/25 de Mayo Island in the South Shetlands, was composed of 52.5% typical morphs, 27.5% large-mouth morphs and 20% intermediate morphs. Measurements of percentage buoyancy on the morphs of this sample were 3.73, 3.84 and 3.83%, respectively with no significant differences among means. Both mean dry skeletal weight as a percentage of body weight and mean oral jaw weight as a percentage of dry skeletal weight were significantly greater in large-mouth morphs compared to typical morphs. Diversification in head and jaw morphology is not accompanied by diversification in ecology as represented by buoyancy and, in spite of external appearances, measurements of buoyancy offer no support for the hypothesis that the large-mouth morph is more benthic than the typical semipelagic morph. Although a trophic basis for this polymorphism is possible, it has not yet been documented. Our discussion centers on the status of key open questions regarding morphism and highlights areas requiring more research.

Author affiliation: Eastman, Joseph T.. Ohio University; Estados Unidos

Author affiliation: Barrera Oro, Esteban. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina

Abstract:

We recorded, for the first time, byssal hairs in the Asian freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei from the Paraná River system. We analysed the presence of hairs and their distribution on the shell in relation to habitat and shell size in 12 sites. Hairs were present in lentic habitats associated with macrophytes or organic matter, but were absent in lotic environments. The proportion of mussels with hairs was negatively correlated with current velocity. Hairs were more frequent and abundant in larger mussels. In general, the hairs are a similar length over the bivalve and almost entirely cover the shells in≥60% in lentic habitats. The projections allow L. fortunei to be camouflaged among the roots of macrophytes or coarse organic matter, assisting in avoiding visual predators. The clear-cut separation of L. fortunei populations into two different groups could be associated with phenotypic plasticity in this species.

Author affiliation: Montalto, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias; Argentina

Author affiliation: Rojas Molina, Florencia Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina

Abstract:

En el presente trabajo se analizaron los cambios en los atributos reproductivos y vegetativos en plantas de Lotus tenuis sembradas a diferentes densidades. Las plantas fueron cultivadas en condiciones de campo mediante un diseño sistemático cuya disposición permitió obtener 6 densidades comprendidas entre 7,5 y 60,0 pl/m2. Los atributos analizados a nivel de planta como: producción de semillas, biomasa reproductiva, frutos, umbelas con frutos, biomasa total y número de tallos, decrecieron con el aumento de la densidad. La producción de semillas (g/m2) no varió significativamente con la densidad y se explicó mediante la plasticidad fenotípica de los atributos vegetativos y reproductivos de las plantas. El peso de mil semillas fue el atributo menos variable con las densidades. El número de frutos por planta se relacionó de manera lineal y positiva con el número de tallos y la biomasa vegetativa aérea por planta. En tal sentido, manejos del cultivo que permitan aumentar el número de tallos por planta, como por ejemplo los cortes, podrían incidir positivamente sobre el número de ápices reproductivos y el rendimiento. Lotus tenuis puede ser sembrado en un amplio rango de densidades sin afectar significativamente el rendimiento ni la calidad de sus semillas. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con nuestras estimaciones, para alcanzar la mínima biomasa aérea vegetativa por planta consistente con el inicio de la reproducción, la densidad no debería ser superior a 109 pl/m2.

This assay examined the effects of plant densities of Lotus tenuis on reproductive and vegetative attributes. The plants were sowed in field conditions under systematic design which provided 6 plant densities from 7.5 to 60.0 pl/m². The attributes per plant as: seed production, reproductive biomass, pods, umbels with pods, total biomass and stems number decreased according to increase plant densities. Seed yield (g/m²) was relatively stable among plant densities and was explained through the plant phenotypic plasticity of vegetative and reproductive attributes. Thousand-seed weight was less influenced by plant densities. Pods number per plant showed a positive and linear relationship with number of stems per plant and vegetative biomass per plant. Management decisions that increase the reproductive stems number per plant, for example defoliation, may impact positively on the number of reproductive apexes and seed production. Lotus tenuis can be sowed in a range of density without affecting significantly the yield neither the seed quality. Minimum vegetative shoot biomass threshold consistent with plant reproduction is with a plant density lower than 109 pl/m . 2

EEA Balcarce

Author affiliation: Vignolio, Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agriarias; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Author affiliation: Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agriarias; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Author affiliation: Petigrosso, Lucas R. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agriarias; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Abstract:

El objetivo del presente trabajo de Tesis fue caracterizar las células stem tumorales de melanoma cutáneo, en particular si las células obtenidas luego del tratamiento con inhibidores de la vía de MAPK presentan características de células stem tumorales. En primer lugar se analizó la expresión de CD271 y CD133, marcadores de células stem tumorales de melanoma, en líneas celulares de melanoma humano y en biopsias de pacientes de melanoma metastásico y se encontró que la expresión de los mismos no permite identificar una población con características de células stem tumorales. Con el objetivo de enriquecer en células con características stem tumorales, y considerando que entre las propiedades que se le atribuyen a esta población se encuentra la resistencia a drogas, se estudió el efecto del tratamiento prolongado con inhibidores de BRAF (PLX4032) y MEK (GDC-0973) en líneas celulares de melanoma que presentan la mutación BRAF V600 y son sensibles a estos inhibidores. Se encontró que luego del tratamiento in vitro con los inhibidores PLX4032 y GDC-0973 durante varias semanas, la mayoría de las células moría pero algunas permanecían viables y quiescentes. Se denominó a esta población celular SUR. Al discontinuar el tratamiento, las células SUR retomaron su crecimiento y mantuvieron una sensibilidad a los inhibidores similar a las células parentales. Las células SUR presentan elevados niveles de expresión de los marcadores de células stem tumorales CD271 y ABCB5, pero no de CD133, y presentan características asociadas a senescencia, como la actividad de -galactosidasa. Las células SUR retienen su capacidad tumorigénica, ya que son capaces de generar tumores en ratones inmunodeficientes. Para caracterizar a la población de células SUR en profundidad se realizaron experimentos de secuenciación del exoma y del transcriptoma, además de microarreglos de expresión y microarreglos de proteínas. Las células SUR son lisadas de forma eficiente por linfocitos T citotóxicos que reconocen los antígenos de diferenciación melanocítica MART-1 y gp100. Proponemos la adquisición de un fenotipo con características de células stem tumorales como un mecanismo de resistencia plástico a los inhibidores de BRAF y MEK.

The aim of this Ph.D. Thesis was to characterize melanoma cancer stem cells, in particular if cells obtained after MAPK inhibitor treatment present cancer stem cell characteristics. First, we analyzed the expression of melanoma cancer stem cell markers CD271 and CD133 in human melanoma cell lines and in biopsies from metastatic melanoma patients. We were not able to identify a population with cancer stem cell characteristics by the expression of these markers. In order to enrich in cells with a cancer stem cell characteristics, and considering that cancer stem cells present resistance to drugs and chemotherapy, we studied the effects of BRAF (PLX4032) and MEK (GDC-0973) inhibitor long-term treatment in sensitive V600E BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines. After several weeks of long-term in vitro treatment with PLX4032 and/or GDC-0973, the majority of the cells died whereas some remained viable and quiescent. We named this population SUR cells. Strikingly, discontinuing treatment of SUR cells with MAPK inhibitors allowed the population to regrow and these cells retained drug sensitivity equal to that of parental cells. SUR cells had increased expression levels of CD271 and ABCB5 and presented senescence associated characteristics. SUR cells retain their tumorigenic potential, as they generate tumors in immunodeficient mice. In order to characterize SUR cells we performed Whole Exome Sequencing and RNA seq experiments and expression microarrays and antibody arrays. Interestingly, SUR cells were efficiently lysed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing MART-1 and gp100 melanoma differentiation antigens. We propose the acquisition of this plastic quiescence cancer stem-like phenotype as a mechanism of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors while retaining sensitivity to immune effectors.

Author affiliation: Madorsky Rowdo, Florencia Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Abstract:

Environment and crop management shape plant's phenotype. Argentinean high-altitude vineyards are characterized by elevated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV–B) and water deficit (D) that enhance enological quality for red winemaking. These signals promote phenolics accumulation in leaves and berries, being the responses mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and may affect grapevine growth, development and acclimation, since methylation patterns are mitotically heritable. Berry skins low molecular weight polyphenols (LMWP) were characterized in field grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec plants exposed to contrasting UV-B, D, and ABA treatments during one season. The next season early fruit shoots were epigenetically (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism; MSAP) and biochemically (LMWP) characterized. Unstable epigenetic patterns and/or stochastic stress-induced methylation changes were observed. UV-B and D were the treatments that induced greater number of DNA methylation changes respect to Control; and UV-B promoted global hypermethylation of MSAP epiloci. Sequenced MSAP fragments associated with UV-B and ABA showed similarities with transcriptional regulators and ubiquitin ligases proteins activated by light. UV-B was associated with flavonols accumulation in berries and with hydroxycinnamic acids in the next season fruit shoots, suggesting that DNA methylation could regulate the LMWP accumulation and participate in acclimation mechanisms.

Author affiliation: Marfil, Carlos Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Ibañez, Verónica Noé. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Alonso, Rodrigo. Catena Institute of Wine; Argentina

Author affiliation: Varela, Anabella Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bottini, Ambrosio Rubén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Masuelli, Ricardo Williams. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fontana, Ariel Ramón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Berli, Federico Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Abstract:

Phenotypic plasticity is often postulated as a principal characteristic of tuber-bearing wild Solanum species. The hypotheses to explore this observation have been developed based on the presence of genetic variation. In this context, evolutionary changes and adaptation are impossible without genetic variation. However, epigenetic effects, which include DNA methylation and microRNAs expression control, could be another source of phenotypic variation in ecologically relevant traits. To achieve a detailed mechanistic understanding of these processes, it is necessary to separate epigenetic from DNA sequencebased effects and to evaluate their relative importance on phenotypic variability. We explored the potential relevance of epigenetic effects in individuals with the same genotype. For this purpose, a clone of the wild potato Solanum ruizlealii, a non-model species in which natural methylation variability has been demonstrated, was selected and its DNA methylation was manipulated applying 5-Azacytidine (AzaC), a demethylating agent. The AzaC treatment induced early flowering and changes in leaf morphology. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we identified four miRNAs up-regulated in the AzaC-treated plants. One of them, miRNA172, could play a role on the early flowering phenotype. In this work, we showed that the treatment with AzaC could provide meaningful results allowing to study both the phenotypic plasticity in tuber-bearing Solanum species and the inter-relation between DNA methylation and miRNA accumulations in a wide range of species.

Author affiliation: Marfil, Carlos Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Asurmendi, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina

Author affiliation: Masuelli, Ricardo Williams. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina

Abstract:

Phenotypic plasticity is often postulated as a principal characteristic of tuber-bearing wild Solanum species. The hypotheses to explore this observation have been developed based on the presence of genetic variation. In this context, evolutionary changes and adaptation are impossible without genetic variation. However, epigenetic effects, which include DNA methylation and microRNAs expression control, could be another source of phenotypic variation in ecologically relevant traits. To achieve a detailed mechanistic understanding of these processes, it is necessary to separate epigenetic from DNA sequence-based effects and to evaluate their relative importance on phenotypic variability. We explored the potential relevance of epigenetic effects in individuals with the same genotype. For this purpose, a clone of the wild potato Solanum ruiz-lealii, a non-model species in which natural methylation variability has been demonstrated, was selected and its DNA methylation was manipulated applying 5-Azacytidine (AzaC), a demethylating agent. The AzaC treatment induced early flowering and changes in leaf morphology. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we identified four miRNAs up-regulated in the AzaC-treated plants. One of them, miRNA172, could play a role on the early flowering phenotype. In this work, we showed that the treatment with AzaC could provide meaningful results allowing to study both the phenotypic plasticity in tuber-bearing Solanum species and the inter-relation between DNA methylation and miRNA accumulations in a wide range of species.

Author affiliation: Marfil, Carlos Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina

Author affiliation: Asurmendi, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Masuelli, Ricardo Williams. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Mendoza-San Juan. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina