Abstract:

El clonixinato de lisina (CL) es un antiinflamatorio no esteroide (AINE) con pocos efectos adversos, por lo que se ha postulado que a concentraciones equivalentes a las encontradas en plasma humano después de dosis terapéuticas inhibiría en escaso grado la ciclooxigenasa I (COX-I). Se efectuaron 3 experimentos. Experimento 1: se estudió el efecto in vitro de CL en concentraciones de 4 y 6 µg/ml, las que se corresponden con las alcanzadas en plasma con una dosis oral de 125 mg. Los segmentos de vesícula biliar (n = 6) se incubaron con 0.25 µCi de ácido araquidónico 14C y se midió la producción de prostaglandina E2, prostaglandina F2a y prostaglandina 6 ceto F1a. El CL no modificó la producción basal de ninguna de las tres prostaglandinas pero con 6 µg/ml disminuyó significativamente la producción de ácido 5-hidroxieicosatetraenoico (5-HETE). Experimento 2: se administró una infusión continua de CL a 6 pacientes en el pre operatorio inmediato para lograr una concentración en estado estacionario entre 4 y 6 µg/ml. Se incubaron segmentos de vesícula biliar de estos 6 pacientes y de 6 pacientes control no tratados con ácido araquidónico 14C. Se observó que los segmentos de vesícula biliar tratados con CL no mostraron inhibición de la producción de ninguna de las tres PGs, mientras que el 5-HETE liberado al medio fue significativamente menor. Experimento 3: 18 pacientes recibieron bolos EV de: CL 100 mg (n1 = 6); CL 200 mg (n2 = 6) o indometacina (INDO) 50 mg (n3 = 6). Con ninguna de las dos dosis de CL se obtuvo inhibición de la síntesis de PGs, por el contrario el bolo de INDO inhibió su síntesis. Cuando se valoró la producción de 5-HETE, los dos AINES estudiados se comportaron en forma distinta. El tratamiento con INDO no modificó el 5-HETE producido, mientras que el tratamiento con CL lo inhibió significativamente. En los tres tipos de estudios realizados in vitro e in vivo: infusión continua y bolo IV, el CL no inhibió la síntesis de PGs y disminuyó significativamente el 5-HETE.

Lysine clonixinate (LC) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent (NSAID) with only few adverse effects. This characteristic has prompted us to suggest that its administration, at levels equivalent to those found in human plasma following therapeutic doses, slightly inhibitis cyclooxygenase I (COX I). Three experiments were performed. Experiment 1: to study the in vitro effect of LC at concentrations of 4 and 6 µg/ml, comparable with those found in plasma following an oral therapeutic dose of 125 mg. Gallbladder tissue segments were incubated with 0.25 µCi of 14C-arachidonic acid and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1a (6-keto PGF1a) was measured. LC did not affect basal production of any of the 3 prostaglandins (PGs) but at 6 µg/ml slightly reduced the levels of 5-hidroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). Experiment 2: LC was administered preoperatively to 6 patients by continuous perfusion, to achieve a steady-state concentration between 4 and 6 µg/ml. Gallbladder segments from the 6 treated and another 6 control patients were incubated in 14C-arachidonic acid. Gallbladder segments treated with LC did not show a decreased production of any of the three PGs whereas 5-HETE released to the medium was significantly lower. Experiment 3: 18 patients received an IV bolus of LC 100 mg (n1 = 6) or LC 200 mg (n2 = 6) or indomethacin (INDO) 50 mg (n3 = 6). Unlike the administration of INDO bolus, LC in the above doses did not inhibit PG synthesis. Both NSAIDs showed different effects when the production of 5-HETE synthesis was assessed. Treatment with INDO did not alter the production of 5-HETE while LC elicited significant inhibition. The three studies conducted, namely in vitro and in vivo continuous perfusion and IV bolus, revealed that LC had no effect on prostaglandin synthesis while reducing significantly the levels of 5-HETE.

Author affiliation: Franchi, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentina

Author affiliation: Di Girolamo, Guillermo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina

Author affiliation: Farina, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentina

Author affiliation: de Los Santos, Antonio R.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina

Author affiliation: Martí, Manuel L.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fernandez, Martha Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos; Argentina

Abstract:

Prosopis species are considered multipurpose trees and shrubs by FAO and their fruit constitute a food source for humans and animals. According to the “Código Alimentario Argentino”, “algarrobo flour” is produced by grinding the whole mature pod, but in the traditional process most of the seeds are discarded. In this paper, the flour from seed was obtained. Then, the proteins were extracted and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out. According to their amino acid profile and chemical score (>100%), the Prosopis alba proteins, are not deficient in essential amino acids considering the amount of amino acid necessary by adults. The protein isolate showed a good solubility (pH 7.4–9), emulsificant capacity, oil binding capacity and water adsorption capacity. The antioxidant ability of proteins was significantly increased with hydrolysis (SC50 values: 50–5 μg/mL, respectively). Inhibitory activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes (lipoxygenase and phospholipase) was described. The mutagenicity/antimutagenicity of proteins and protein hydrolysates from seed flour were also analysed.The results suggest that P. alba cotyledon flour could be a new alternative in the formulation of functional foods not only for its high protein content but also by the biological and functional properties of its proteins and protein hydrolysates.

Author affiliation: Cattaneo, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina

Author affiliation: Sayago, Jorge Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina

Author affiliation: Alberto, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo. Catedra de Quimica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zampini, Iris Catiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina

Author affiliation: Ordóñez, Roxana Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina

Author affiliation: Chamorro, Verónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Pazos, Adriana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Isla, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Quimica del Noroeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina

Abstract:

Frankenia triandra (Frankeniaceae) is a poorly studied halophyte subshrub species that grows on saline soils inthe Bolivian, Argentinean and Chilean Puna, and is used by Puna inhabitants as forage and antiseptic in their folk medicine. The aim of this work is to first evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory enzymes) of two hydroalcoholic extracts of F. triandra obtained by maceration and soxhlet extraction. Both extracts showed similar biological activity and composition (mainly polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids and phenolic acids). They exhibited an important antioxidant activity by scavenging ABTS?+ and nitrite radicals, by inhibiting β-carotene bleaching and reducing Fe3+. Antioxidant properties are related to anti-inflammatory capacity, and both extracts showed a significant inhibition of hyaluronidase and two enzymes of arachidonic acid pathway (cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase). These preliminary studies are interesting since they might open the way for further studies which would allow the potential use of this plant in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and as an antioxidant agent.

Author affiliation: Torres Carro, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; Argentina

Author affiliation: D'almeida, Romina Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; Argentina

Author affiliation: Isla, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; Argentina

Author affiliation: Alberto, Maria Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; Argentina

Abstract:

In this work, we performed a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model for a family of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors using k-means clustering and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for the selection of training and test sets and multivariate linear regression (MLR) for the independent variable selection. With the k-means clustering method, the total set of compounds (58 derivatives of 5-Benzylidene-2-phenylthiazolinones) was divided in two clusters according to a simple discriminant function. We found that piID (conventional bond order ID number) molecular descriptor discriminates correctly 100% of the compounds of each clusters. Thirty different models divided in three series were analyzed and the series with representative training and test sets (series 3) had the most predictive models. The statistical parameters of the best model are Rtrain=0.811 and Rtest=0.801. We found that a rational selection in the setting-up of training and test sets allows to obtain the most predictive models and the random selection is sometimes unsuitable, especially, when the total set of compounds can be classified in different clusters according to structural features.

Author affiliation: Andrada, Matias Fernando. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Vega Hissi, Esteban Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Estrada, Mario Rinaldo. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina

Author affiliation: Garro Martinez, Juan Ceferino. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to assess the possibility of obtaining calcium-added soymilk with acceptable characteristics regarding protein solubility and physical stability, and inactivation of trypsin inhibitors and lipoxygenase, through a combined thermal-high hydrostatic pressure treatment. A Doehlert design was applied to study the effect of combining pressure levels (500–700 MPa), initial temperatures (45–65 °C) and CaCl2 concentrations (5–15 mmol L− 1). Results showed that protein solubility was a function of CaCl2 concentration (p < 0.005), and that inactivation of trypsin inhibitors was a function of pressure level and temperature (p < 0.005). Lipoxygenase activity was fully inactivated in most of the conditions tested. Physical stability was improved by the combined treatments: depending on calcium concentration, either no settling was detected in a 5-day period or a less conspicuous phase separation was observed. Our results indicate that some combined thermal-high hydrostatic pressure treatments allow the preparation of calcium-enriched soymilks with improved physical stability without additives such as chelating agents, and acceptable in terms of full inactivation of trypsin inhibitors and lipoxygenase. Industrial relevance: An analysis of the effect of the combination of high hydrostatic and thermal treatments on calcium-added soymilk is introduced in the present study. Some processing conditions were found to allow the obtention of a product with improved protein solubility and physical stability, and with inactivated trypsin inhibitors and lipoxygenase enzyme. This information could be beneficial considering the reduction of process time and energetic costs, because the assayed combination of thermal and high pressure treatments takes advantage of the instantaneous compression heating. Thus, the results provided in the present work could be useful to prepare an acceptable calcium-added soymilk.

Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos

Author affiliation: Manassero, Carlos Alberto. INTA. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Vaudagna, Sergio Ramon . INTA. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica; Argentina

Author affiliation: Sancho, Ana Maria. INTA. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina

Author affiliation: Añón, María Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Área Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina

Author affiliation: Speroni, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina

Abstract:

Hormonal regulation of steroidogenesis involves arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. One of the products, 5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), acts as a modulator of the activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein promoter. Besides, an oxoeicosanoid receptor of the leukotriene receptor family named OXE-R is a membrane protein with high affinity and response to 5-HpETE, among other AA derivatives. The aim of our work was to elucidate whether this receptor may be involved in steroidogenesis. RT-PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of the mRNA and protein of the receptor in human H295R adrenocortical cells. The treatment of H295R or MA-10 cells (murine Leydig cell line) with 8Br-cAMP together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an antagonist of the receptor) partially reduced StAR induction and steroidogenesis. On the contrary, 5-oxo-ETE -the prototypical agonist, with higher affinity and potency on the receptor- increased cAMP-dependent steroid production, StAR mRNA and protein levels. These results lead us to conclude that AA might modulate StAR induction and steroidogenesis, at least in part, through 5-HpETE production and activation of a membrane receptor, such as the OXE-R

Author affiliation: Cooke, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Di Consoli, Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Maloberti, Paula Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina

Author affiliation: Cornejo Maciel, Maria Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Argentina

Abstract:

Lipoxygenases (LOX) belong to a large family of plant enzymes that catalyze the hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of them are expressed during senescence and contribute to membrane deterioration and biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, a known senescence enhancer. In this work, we cloned a fragment of a gene encoding a LOX from broccoli (BoLOX1). The analysis of the sequence revealed that BoLOX1 is closely related to other LOX from higher plants. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of BoLOX1 and detected a larger increase during postharvest senescence. A slight increase of total lipoxygenase activity was also found during senescence. In other sets of experiments, broccoli heads were treated with plant hormones, such as cytokinin and ethylene, as a way to assess the effect of such compounds on the expression of BoLOX1. Cytokinin treatment delayed the increase of BoLOX1 expression and lipoxygenase activity whereas ethylene accelerated both processes. Also, several postharvest treatments were applied in order to delay senescence in broccoli florets and to evaluate their effects on BoLOX1 expression. Samples treated with modified atmosphere, hot air, UV-C or white light showed a delay in chlorophyll degradation and degreening. In most cases, the treatments also delayed the increase of BoLOX1 expression, reaffirming the relationship between the expression of this gene and senescence. However, treatments like modified atmospheres and visible light markedly increased lipoxygenase activity, which suggests a lack of correlation between BoLOX1 expression and lipoxygenase activity.

Author affiliation: Gómez Lobato, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina

Author affiliation: Civello, Pedro Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata; Argentina

Author affiliation: Martinez, Gustavo Adolfo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); Argentina

Abstract:

During the resolution of inflammation macrophages undergo functional changes upon exposure to pro-resolving agents in their microenvironment. Primarily, engulfment of apoptotic polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells promotes conversion of macrophages toward a pro-resolving phenotype characterized by reduced CD11b expression. These macrophages are not phagocytic, do not respond to TLR ligands, and express relatively high levels of the pro-resolving enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO). Here, we report that the immuno-regulatory lectin galectin-1 is selectively expressed by CD11bhigh, but not CD11blow macrophages. Upon exposure in vivo and ex vivo, galectin-1 directly promoted macrophage conversion from a CD11bhigh to a CD11blow phenotype and up-regulated the expression and activity of 12/15-LO. Moreover, galectin-1 treatment in vivo promoted the loss of phagocytic capacity (efferocytic satiation) in peritoneal macrophages and down-regulated secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 upon LPS exposure. Our results suggest that galectin-1 could be an essential mediator in the control of macrophage function during the resolution of inflammation.

Author affiliation: Rostoker, Ran. University of Haifa. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Departament of Biology; Israel;

Author affiliation: Yaseen, Hiba. University of Haifa. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Departament of Biology; Israel;

Author affiliation: Schif Zuck, Sagie. University of Haifa. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Departament of Biology; Israel;

Author affiliation: Lichtenstein, Rachel G.. Ben-Gurion University. Department of Biotechnology Engineering; Israel;

Author affiliation: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Quimica Biologica; Argentina;

Author affiliation: Amiram, Ariel. University of Haifa. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Departament of Biology; Israel;

Abstract:

La harina de arveja (Pisun sativum) es una fuente proteica de relativo bajo costo y escasamente utilizada en la elaboración de productos de consumo masivo. Su incorporación en la elaboración de pan posibilita obtener un producto de mayor valor nutricional. Se analizó el efecto de su agregado sobre las características tecnológicas, sensoriales y nutricionales de panes de molde con 5%, 10% y 15% de sustitución y de aditivos sobre las características tecnológicas y vida útil. Se diseñó una metodología de molienda de arveja seca. Se estudió el efecto de la inactivación de la enzima lipoxigenasa de arveja productora de aromas y sabores indeseables. Se analizaron las características sensoriales de los panes elaborados con harina de arveja cruda y de distintos tiempos de inactivación mediante análisis descriptivo cuantitativo. Se determinó el contenido de proteína y lisina y el score químico en los distintos niveles de suplementación, siendo lisina el aminoácido limitante. Se estudio el efecto de emulsionantes y oxidantes sobre las características de los panes. Se seleccionaron los aditivos adecuados y sus niveles óptimos. Se determinó la formulación buscando una situación de compromiso entre el mejoramiento nutricional y la aceptabilidad sensorial. La formulación seleccionada fue un 10 % de harina de arveja inactivada durante 1,0 minuto en agua a 100 º C, utilizando 1,2 % de SSL y 55 ppm de ADA. Se lograron incrementos de 10.7 %, de proteínas, 58 % de lisina y 22.4 % de score químico con respecto a panes sin harina de arveja.

Pea (Pisum sativum) flour is a relatively cheap protein source and it is scarcely utilized in making widely consumed products. Its incorporation in bread elaboration makes possible to obtain a product of greater nutritional value. The effect of its incorporation was analyzed on the technological, sensorial and nutritional characteristics of mold breads made with levels of 5%, 10% and 15% of pea flour and, the effect of additives on the technological characteristics and life utility. A methodology of milling of the dry pea was designed. The effect of the inactivity of the enzyme lipoxygenase present in pea flour, undesirable producer of aromas and flavors, was studied. The sensorial characteristics of breads made with flour of crude pea and different times from inactivity were analyzed by descriptive profile. Protein and lysine contents and chemical score were determined in the different levels of pea flour. The effect of emulsifier and oxidants on the characteristics of breads was studied. The suitable additives and their optimal levels were selected. The formulation was determined looking for a situation of commitment between the nutritional improvement and the sensorial acceptability. The selected formulation was bread at the level of 10 % of pea flour inactivated during 1 minute in water to 100 º C, with 1.2 % of SSL and 55 ppm of ADA. Breads with increases of 10,7 % of proteins, 58% of lysine and 22,4% of chemical score with respect to breads without pea flour were obtained.

Abstract:

Herbivory initiates a shift in plant metabolism from growth to defence that may reduce fitness in the absence of further herbivory. However, the defence-induced changes in carbon assimilation that precede this reallocation in resources remain largely undetermined. This study characterized the response of photosynthesis to herbivore induction of jasmonic acid (JA)-related defences in Nicotiana attenuata to increase understanding of these mechanisms. It was hypothesized that JA-induced defences would immediately reduce the component processes of photosynthesis upon attack and was predicted that wild-type plants would suffer greater reductions in photosynthesis than plants lacking JA-induced defences. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and thermal spatial patterns were measured together with the production of defence-related metabolites after attack and through recovery. Herbivore damage immediately reduced electron transport and gas exchange in wild-type plants, and gas exchange remained suppressed for several days after attack. The sustained reductions in gas exchange occurred concurrently with increased defence metabolites in wild-type plants, whereas plants lacking JA-induced defences suffered minimal suppression in photosynthesis and no increase in defence metabolite production. This suppression in photosynthesis occurred only after sustained defence signalling and defence chemical mobilization, whereas a short bout of feeding damage only transiently altered components of photosynthesis. It was identified that lipoxygenase signalling interacted with photosynthetic electron transport and that the resulting JA-related metabolites reduced photosynthesis. These data represent a metabolic cost to mounting a chemical defence against herbivory and link defence-signalling networks to the differential effects of herbivory on photosynthesis in remaining leaf tissues in a time-dependent manner. © 2012 © 2012 The Authors.

Author affiliation: Nabity, Paul D.. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados Unidos

Author affiliation: Zavala, Jorge Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; Argentina

Author affiliation: Delucia, Evan H.. University of Illinois at Urbana; Estados Unidos