Abstract:

The gastrointestinal tract of calves is sterile at birth, and intestinal microorganisms are introduced from fecal, vaginal and environmental microbiota. The balance of the intestinal ecosystem of calves can be altered in farming systems due to separation from their mothers, feeding with milk replacers and elimination of the benefits of cows' milk, inadequate colostrum intake, stressful situations and use of antibiotics. Such practices may cause morbidity and mortality of young calves which can be related to economic losses. Periodic administration of a probiotic inoculum of bovine origin may favor establishment of a stable and balanced intestinal microbiota, which would improve the health of the calves. The viability and number of microorganisms inoculated is vital because the suggested minimum level (SML) of bacteria to produce beneficial effects is 106CFU/ml. A technique that is currently being implemented to maintain the viability of probiotics is encapsulation, which consists of retaining the microorganisms within a porous gel matrix or within a semipermeable membrane containing a liquid core. In our study, we describe a new technique to produce alginate-starch macrocapsules, with the aim of producing probiotic macrocapsules to ensure bacterial viability during storage, and to facilitate administration of the inoculum to young calves with feed. To this end, we used the strain Lactobacillus casei DSPV 318T, a probiotic inoculum of bovine origin, and it was evaluated by two formulations for conformation of the capsules: one of sodium alginate (10g/l) and another of sodium alginate (5g/l)+corn starch (5g/l). These mixtures were dispersed into molds of 1 and 2ml, placed at -20°C, and, once frozen, submerged in a solution of CaCl2 (0.1M) for polymerization of alginate to maintain their shape and size. The capsules containing of 5g/l of alginate +5g/l of starch had the highest cellular count, and the incubation of the capsules in culture media for 9h increased the bacterial concentration. Viability of cells was maintained at the SML for 2mo by coating the capsules with chitosan and refrigerating at 4°C. This was reflected in a final product with a high concentration of probiotic accessible for artificial rearing of calves, with a sufficiently long expiration time, and with a size similar to the feed starter pellet, which allowed it to be mixed homogeneously with the feed which was fed to the calves.

Author affiliation: Soto, Lorena Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Avataneo, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zbrun, María Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bertozzi, Ezequiel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina

Author affiliation: Sequeira, Gabriel Jorge. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini Porchietto, Marcelo Lisandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Author affiliation: Rosmini, Marcelo Raul. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina

Abstract:

The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess effects of probiotics on the growth performance of pigs (Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Feed Efficiency (FE)). Data bases (i.e. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus) were searched from 1980 to 2015 unrestricted by language. The inclusion criteria were: randomised and controlled experiments using pigs without apparent disease and published in peer reviewed journals. Sixty-seven and 60 experiments were included to assess probiotic effects on ADG and FE, respectively. LAB supplementation increased ADG (difference in mean (DM) = 29.930 g/day, 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.617–42.261) and improve feed efficiency (DM = −0.096 kg feed/kg body weight, 95%CI −0.120–0.071), considering the source of heterogeneity. There were no evidence of publication biases. The meta-analysis showed that application of probiotics during the first stage of pig grown and in the finishing period resulted in greater ADG and FE. The effect was not related to the use of mono-strain or multi-strain probiotics, although it may depend on the strain used. The breeds (especially F1 and three-breed-rotational crossbreeding) and the characteristic of these breeds (maternal breeds) included in the experiments had an impact on the outcomes. These results might be used to define the guidelines to standardize the experimental designs of future trials and to include the impact of each covariate on the differences in the estimated effect sizes.

EEA Rafaela

Author affiliation: Zimmermann, Jorge Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fusari, Marcia Lucia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Rossler, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Blajman, Jesica E. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Romero Scharpen, Analía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Astesana, Diego Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Olivero, Carolina Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Berisvil, Ayelén Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zbrun, María Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Soto, Lorena Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Abstract:

Probiotics have emerged as promising alternatives for improving resistance to diseases and stimulating growth of farmed shrimp. The aim of the present work was to assess the effect of probiotic addition on shrimp survival and growth performance through meta-analysis. PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar search engines were searched for relevant studies published from 1980 to 2017 without language exclusion. We only selected the experiments from articles using penaeid shrimps without apparent disease, with the results published in peer-reviewed journals with any dispersion measure. Survival, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were selected as outcomes. We evaluated experimental design, penaeid shrimp species, larval or postlarval stage, probiotic strain, modes of administration among others. A total of 100, 60 and 49 experiments were included to assess probiotic effects on survival, SGR and FCR, respectively. Probiotics increased survival compared to controls (SMD = 3.068, 95% CI 2.594 to 3.543) and improved SGR (SMD = 3.811, 95% CI 3.269 to 4.354) and FCR (SMD = −3.194, 95% CI -3.469 to −2.920) in the pooled standardized mean difference random effect model, considering the source of heterogeneity and publication biases (i.e. where the decision to publish or not depends on the outcome of the experiment, e.g. withhold negative outcomes). Survival, SGR and FCR were improved in shrimps treated with probiotic. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a meta-analysis designed to investigate the effects of probiotics on shrimp survival and growth performance.

EEA Rafaela

Author affiliation: Toledo, Adrian. University of Camagüey. Agricultural Science Faculty. Department of Morphophysiology; Cuba

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina

Author affiliation: Bossier, Peter. Ghent University. Artemia Reference Center. Department of Animal Production. Laboratory of Aquaculture; Bélgica

Author affiliation: Arenal, Amilcar. University of Camagüey. Agricultural Science Faculty. Department of Morphophysiology; Cuba

Abstract:

Among 360 isolates from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broilers, eleven isolates which showed in vitro probiotic properties were identified and selected for further tests. After the in vitro screening, three strains were chosen for the in vivo study of persistence of fresh cultures and then one strain was selected for the in vivo study of persistence of lyophilized culture. Lyophilized Lactobacillus salivarius DSPV 001P was capable of persisting in broilers during a complete rearing, even 28 days following cessation of administration. L. salivarius DSPV 001P administered to broilers and recovered from GIT was compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to ensure that the same genotype was persistently identified. A combination of in vitro and in vivo screening of native lactic acid bacteria (LAB) described in this study may offer a method for selecting the most suitable strain for potential application as a broiler probiotic supplement.

EEA Rafaela

Author affiliation: Blajman, Jesica E. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Gaziano, Cristian. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zbrun, María Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Soto, Lorena Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Astesana, Diego Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Berisvil, Ayelén Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Romero Scharpen, Analía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Abstract:

1. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of probiotics on the growth performance of broilers. PubMed, Scopus and Scholar Google databases were searched in all languages from 1980 to 2012. The studies in the meta-analysis were only selected if they were randomised and controlled experiments using broilers without apparent disease and the results were published in peer-reviewed journals. 2. A total of 48 and 46 studies were included to assess probiotic effects on body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency (FE), respectively. Probiotics increased BWG compared to controls (SMD = 0.661, 95% CI 0.499 to 0.822) and improved FE (SMD = − 0.281, 95% CI −0.404 to −0.157) in the pooled standardised mean difference random effect model, considering the source of heterogeneity and publication biases. However, there are evidences of publication bias and heterogeneity, so the results of this meta-analysis should be considered with caution. Applying the Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill methods, the adjusted value for BWG was 0.0594 (95% CI −0.122 to 0.242), and the adjusted value for FE did not show any modifications. 3. The meta-analysis showed that application of probiotics via water resulted in greater BGW and FE than administration through the feed. The effect was not related to the use of mono-strain or multi-strain probiotics, although it may depend on the strain used. The number of broilers and the duration of the experiments had an impact on the outcomes. 4. Additional studies should be conducted with the aim to identify the covariates which can explain the differences in the estimated effect sizes.

Author affiliation: Blajman, Jesica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zbrun, María Virginia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Astesana, Diego Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fusari, Marcia Lucia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos; Argentina

Author affiliation: Soto, Lorena Paola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Rosmini, Marcelo Raul. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini Porchietto, Marcelo Lisandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Abstract:

1. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of probiotics on the growth performance of broilers. PubMed, Scopus and Scholar Google databases were searched in all languages from 1980 to 2012. The studies in the meta-analysis were only selected if they were randomised and controlled experiments using broilers without apparent disease and the results were published in peer-reviewed journals. 2. A total of 48 and 46 studies were included to assess probiotic effects on body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency (FE), respectively. Probiotics increased BWG compared to controls (SMD = 0.661, 95% CI 0.499 to 0.822) and improved FE (SMD = − 0.281, 95% CI −0.404 to −0.157) in the pooled standardised mean difference random effect model, considering the source of heterogeneity and publication biases. However, there are evidences of publication bias and heterogeneity, so the results of this meta-analysis should be considered with caution. Applying the Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill methods, the adjusted value for BWG was 0.0594 (95% CI −0.122 to 0.242), and the adjusted value for FE did not show any modifications. 3. The meta-analysis showed that application of probiotics via water resulted in greater BGW and FE than administration through the feed. The effect was not related to the use of mono-strain or multi-strain probiotics, although it may depend on the strain used. The number of broilers and the duration of the experiments had an impact on the outcomes. 4. Additional studies should be conducted with the aim to identify the covariates which can explain the differences in the estimated effect sizes.

EEA Rafaela

Author affiliation: Blajman, Jesica E. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Frizzo, Laureano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Zbrun, María Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Astesana, Diego Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

Author affiliation: Fusari, Marcia Lucia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Soto, Lorena Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Rosmini, Marcelo Raúl. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina

Author affiliation: Signorini, Marcelo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Salud Pública; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. INTA. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina